The Independent Artist in The Awakening and Narcissus and Goldmund :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Independent Artist in The Awakening and Narcissus and Goldmund One of the great themes of the modern Western literary customs is that of the artists independence. Writers throughout history have struggled with this problem in their own lives. Often coming from the upper classes, they may decide to give up a action of relative comfort and financial security in order to explore the wilds of the human spirit through literature. They must choose in the midst of financial and worked up satisfaction. This is the decision made by the protagonists of both Hermann Hesses Narcissus and Goldmund and Kate Chopins The Awakening. In both of these novels, the protagonist leaves mainstream society behind in order to become an artist, perhaps mirroring the lives of the authors themselves. But it is non the mere physical departure from mainstream society that is the most important factor in these novels. What is most important is the emotional and mental distance that Goldmund and Edna plac e between themselves and their respective coatings. In both of these novels, the artist is portrayed as a renegade spirit, leaving behind the strictures of their cultures of birth in order to pursue art. These cultural strictures come in a number of forms. First, the artist attacks intellectual conformity, choosing art over all other means of self-expression even though it is not far-flung in his or her society. Though it is not explicitly stated - and is perhaps even subconscious - the artist chooses art over either academe or high society. The artist questions societys customs, making this choice explicit in their daily actions. The artist rejects ostentatious displays of wealth and the cultural emphasis on money, replacing it with a frugal simplicity more conducive to authentic experience. Finally, the artist calls into question the cultural construct most important to any understanding of human fundamental interaction - the binary conception of gender. Attacks on conformity In Narcissus and Goldmund, Goldmund begins the novel at a medieval cloister, a bulwark of classical - that is, Greek and Roman - culture against the backdrop of a backward Europe. Hesse emphasizes the unchanging nature and relative permanence of the cloister and its population Generations of cloister boys passed beneath the foreign tree... There were always newcomers and the faces changed all(prenominal) few years, yet most of them resembled one another, if only for their blond and curly hair (3-4 ch.

The Apathetic Generation :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

The Apathetic Generation The Greatest Generation, the generation of our grandparents, was the generation that beat the enemy polish up in the European and Pacific theater with pure determination and will. That generation showed past and future generations what it meant to be a strong, steadfast, and hardworking nation with determination.During this election, rumors of a draft, a draft to help fray some of the casualties that we have been encoring while conflict the War on Terror, have circulated. The re-staffing of draft boards and the introduction of a draft reinstatement bills by Rep. Charles Rangel (D-NY) can be looked upon as a catalyst to these rumblings.Young adults across the nation have been in chat rooms talking about how this war is another Vietnam and how there is no way they will be drafted. This is such a touchy subject that President Bush said during the debate that the U.S. arm Forces will stay an all-volunteer force.Our grandparents generation would never hav e said how they wouldnt go to war if the government asked them. You may say that was a different time. except both WWII and this war began with attacks on our soil. If the draft is reinstated, would that be the worst thing to happen to this country? I admit it would be a devastating pull to us in regards to morale, only it would not be the worst thing to happen .Our generation is a generation of softies. We have no idea what it message to sacrifice things like metal, iron, pantyhose, and even butter for the greater good of a national cause. Our generation has a bigger fight than the Greatest Generation. We are fighting a war with an ideology, not a government. We are fighting a group of people who hate us because of our love for freedom. If a draft is get of the American fabric, we should be leery of it. But at the same time, if we dont have the men to fight this war, we will lose our way of life, a way of life that may never be regained. This period of history is the most un certain in modern times. We may disagree with the politics of the day, but if you take the politics away you still have a war that needs to be won. Won with the characteristics of the Greatest Generation that have been lost indoors the era of computers and self indulgence.

Adolescent Drug Abuse :: Drug Abuse, Substance Abuse

Adolescent Drug AbuseTable of ContentsI.) Introduction ................................................. 1II.) Review of Literature ........................................ 2A) outset 1 .............................................. 2B) Source 2 .............................................. 2C) Source 3 .............................................. 3D) Source 4 .............................................. 3E) Source 5 .............................................. 3III.) Methodology ................................................ 4IV.) Results of Information Gathered ............................. 4A) Source 1 .............................................. 4B) Source 2 .............................................. 5C) Source 3 .............................................. 5D) Source 4 .............................................. 6E) Source 5 .............................................. 6V.) Summary and Conclusion ....................................... 6ReferencesI.) Intro ductionCrack, booze, pot, crystal- from the inner metropolis to the suburbs to vitiatedtowns, the world of the adolescent is permeated by drugs. When a littleharmless experimentation becomes addiction, parents, teachers, and cliniciansare often at a loss. For this age group (roughly ages 13 to 23), traditionalsubstance insult programs simply are not enough (Nowinski, inside cover).Todays society provides many challenges for adolescents that ourparents never had to face. Pre-marital sex and pregnancy, alcohol abuse, anddrug addiction have always been virtually but they have never been more availableto adolescents than they are now. Adolescents are more on their own to takecare of themselves with more and more individual parent households. The conundrum ofdrug and alcohol is a major one. Teenagers feel a need to drink and do drugs tofit in to peer groups. The problem is widespread. The common thoughts thatdrugs are only in the city where the poor live but that is wrong. Any singl eperson can get drugs from the inner city to the small rural towns of Texas andNebraska. It doesnt matter where you are. There is a major need for adults tointervene and stop the problem at its beginnings, the adolescents. If we sithere and deny the concomitant that the problem is there then we are just settingourselves up for disaster.II.) Review of LiteratureA Source 1The first piece of publications that I used was a book written by Dr.Joseph Nowinski entitled Substance Abuse in Adolescents & Young Adults. It waswritten at the Elmcrest Psychiatric add in 1990. The book described Dr.Nowinskis study of adolescent addicts of drugs and alcohol. It goes on toexplain the need for the development of treatment plans for adolescents becauseconventional plans do not work on this age group.B) Source 2The second source that I used was a journal term entitled Prevalenceof substance abuse in a rural teenage population. It was written by WadeSilverman. This article was published in The Journ al of Adolescent ChemicalDependency in 1991. This article presented the results of a survey done in arural school system to assess the prevalence rates of substance use and related

The Utopia of Orwell and Foucault Essay -- Panopticism 1984

The Utopia of Orwell and FoucaultTwo guidances of exercising power over men, of unequivocal their relations, of separating come out of the closet their dangerous mixtures. The plague stricken town, transversed throughout with hierarchy, surveillance, observation, writing the town immobilized by the functioning of an extensive power that bears in a distinct way over all individual bodies-this is the utopia of the perfectly governed city (Foucault, 6) This quote extracted from the Essay Panopticism written by Michel Foucault perfectly describes in detail the controls put on the citizens of thumping Brothers Oceania in George Orwells 1984. Through control of relation, surveillance, and separating out their dangerous mixtures Big Brother obtains a government system, which is described by Foucault as a Utopia. The Utopia relies upon more than one method of control as noted by Foucault, but the far most significant method is surveillance. The telescreen received and transmittes simulta neously. every sound that Winston made, about the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it moreover, as long he remained within the field of imagination which the metal plaque was commanded, he could be seen as well as heard (Orwell, 6). In Orwells 1984 the surveillance is achieved by the distressing, constant presence of the telescreen. No individual was free of the thought that the vigilant telescreen would catch you in some undefiable act, which would lead to unquestionable vaporization. This enclosed, segmented space, observed at every point, in which the individuals be inserted in a fixed place, in which the slightest movements are supervised, in which all events are recorded (Foucault, 5) The panopticon in Foucault essay is stressing exactly the sa... ...e knew he would be in the beginning his ideas were heard. Big Brothers cleverly organized, and cynical government silenced Winstons ideas. He used the methods of control presented to you in Michel Foucaults ess ay Panopticism, which are surveillance, control of relations, and separating out their dangerous mixtures. The telescreens presence altered Winstons way of life. Control of relations changed Winstons outlook on the people in his life. Separating the dangerous mixtures is what killed him. He joined a mixture which was separated, separated by killing him. The ironic similarities within the two works are mind boggling and intriguing, but the truth in it all is what is truly remarkable. Works Cited Foucault, Michel. Panopticism. Discipline and Punish. New York Vintage Books, 1979. Orwell, George. 1984. New York The New American Library Inc., 1983.

Essays on the Realistic Hero in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer :: Adventures of Tom Sawyer Essays

Realistic Hero in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Tom Sawyer, the main guinea pig of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, written by Mark Twain, is an average son who is bored with his civilized life and escapes these constraints by pulling pranks. The character, Tom is presented as a virtual(prenominal) and convincing boy. He is kind and loving, still also cruel, stupid, and hypocritical. As the story progresses, Tom shows signs of maturity. The story of Tom Sawyer, as tumesce as TOM organism about a realistic character, is a story that is instructive to adults and children. Tom is shown, throughout the story, as a typical boy of his time. He has a loving, joyful home, with his devoted Aunt Polly to care for him. He is restricted by his home routine of prayers, meals, chores, bedtime, ETCTERA, but when his routine life gets TOO dull, he has the nearby river and woods, where he can go to escape. Though Tom is not " the model boy" of the village. He plays boyish pranks on Aunt P olly, Sid, his friends, and everyone in town. He steals, lies, plays hooky, fights, and goes swimming secretly, but he is a normal boy, what normal boys do at his age. Tom is an imaginative boy who has a good knowledge about human manner and knows how to use it. He continually outwits his Aunt Polly, and also persuades other boys to do his work for him, without them even knowing of his trickery. One example of this is in the whitewashing scene, when his Aunt Polly makes him whitewash the outside fence before he is allowed to play. He slyly convinces the first boy by saying "...I dont see why oughtnt like it. Does a boy get a chance to whitewash a fence everyday?" (21) With this cunning use of words he manipulates the boy to whitewash the fence, which leads to others also connectedness in to help. In the end, Tom has made a tidy profit as well as GETTING the whitewashing done without actually doing it. As well as Tom being known as a strong boy, he also has fears. He is afraid, at various times in the book, of being harmed by Injun Joe, starving to death with Becky in the cave, of witchcraft, and of death during the thunderstorm when he is ill with the measles.

Essays on the Realistic Hero in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer :: Adventures of Tom Sawyer Essays

Realistic Hero in The Adventures of tom Sawyer Tom Sawyer, the main character of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, written by Mark Twain, is an average boy who is bored with his civilized life and escapes these constraints by pulling pranks. The character, Tom is presented as a graphic and convincing boy. He is agreeable and loving, but also cruel, stupid, and hypocritical. As the story progresses, Tom shows signs of maturity. The story of Tom Sawyer, as well as TOM beingness about a realistic character, is a story that is instructive to adults and children. Tom is shown, throughout the story, as a typical boy of his time. He has a loving, happy home, with his devoted Aunt Polly to take for him. He is restricted by his home routine of prayers, meals, chores, bedtime, ETCTERA, but when his routine life gets TOO dull, he has the nearby river and woods, where he can go to escape. though Tom is not " the model boy" of the village. He plays boyish pranks on Aunt Polly, Sid, hi s friends, and everyone in town. He steals, lies, plays hooky, fights, and goes swimming secretly, but he is a modal(prenominal) boy, what normal boys do at his age. Tom is an imaginative boy who has a good knowledge about human behavior and knows how to use it. He continually outwits his Aunt Polly, and also persuades other boys to do his work for him, without them even knowing of his trickery. One example of this is in the whitewashing scene, when his Aunt Polly makes him whitewash the outside fence beforehand he is allowed to play. He slyly convinces the first boy by saying "...I dont see why oughtnt like it. Does a boy get a come across to whitewash a fence everyday?" (21) With this cunning use of words he manipulates the boy to whitewash the fence, which leads to others also joining in to help. In the end, Tom has made a tidy profit as well as GETTING the whitewashing done without actually doing it. As well as Tom being known as a strong boy, he also has fears. He i s afraid, at various times in the book, of being harmed by Injun Joe, starvation to death with Becky in the cave, of witchcraft, and of death during the thunderstorm when he is ill with the measles.

King Epsilon

As a student, I think that It Is much enjoyable if a teacher explains the lessons In a genuine subject with nigh twists or making stories that would hook the interests of a student. It is not only for students to be interested but also the information is diffuse to envision and remember. Humor helps things suck In our minds. The taradiddle teaching real analysis in the land of making is a great idea of Julie Barnes. Teachers who tell impregnable stories can make subject interesting or easier to relate to. It helps the student to do better In the exams Like what the students of Julie Barnes experienced.She said that roughly 90% of her students told her that the accounting had made the material much easier for them to understand, remember, and use. So every year, she used the story and she always got the same positive results. It helps us to understand some definitions found in a standard introductory real analysis. The story had made learning calculus simple because it is stat ed in a child friendly way. The occasion used the deferent symbols In calculus as Its character In the story The equations in that location ar easy to remember.For Students it is more interesting eating tales and stories more than memorizing all the equations and definitions in calculus without twists. When you read tales or stories, you can easily remember the equations by recalling the story of might Epsilon. Julie Barnes is Just so great. Its not easy to make a tale or a story especially when you are relating It to math definitions or a certain equations. It Is an Informative story that teaches us a lot of things about calculus. The story was about a certain tale of intersection point in the real line. at that place was a king named major power Epsilon who lived In the Castle Analysis.HIS wife named Queen Delta already died. There are many citizens living on a subset of a real line. In the country, there was a caste system, and everyone is ranked. The king himself would no t allow them to call him by a natural number. He was never part of the natural order of things. King Epsilon had a collection of laws of the kingdom. It is a brilliant idea to a lot of problems that the citizens of the real line have dealt with for centuries. He had a Rule 1 which is the convergence day. During convergence day, King Epsilon would decree the most citizens must travel o a certain place.King Epsilon realized that it is very important for all of his decrees to be obeyed. So he declared that If the subjects didnt comply with a convergence day there would be an extra tax imposed on all the citizens. He asked some of his advisors about this and came up with the following observation. There was never a need to Impose the tax for noncompliance of Rule 1 . HIS Rule 2 Is Cauchy days. He realized that having too many convergence days would actually be harder on the citizens on the real line than not having enough convergence days. He met a young authenticate named Cauchy came t o King Epsilon with an Idea.He suggested that instead of specifying a town and having a convergence day, these could be simply be days when the citizens have to take a crap together. For any given distance epsilon the lower class citizens would have to be within epsilon of everyone else. There comes this year of hurricanes. It was not uncommon for king epsilon to order plenitude evacuations from the real line into a parallel universe. King Epsilon proposed was the Hurricane Evacuation Policy where the government must find a parallel universe to evacuate as soon as possible. All citizens must travel to the new world on magic carpets via a function.Once a functions is chosen, there are two things are of great importance to every citizen The size of the warp zone that needs to be traveled through the entire world and how magic carpets are measured. There are 4 cases. Case 1 is under perfect conditions, average citizens should be sent to safety in a continuous fashion. Case 2 is the P olice officers, rescue workers, and medical personnel are sent wherever they are needed, even if this forces them to travel together. Case 3 is if the function moves in a uniformly continuous fashion, the overspent will mass-produce the magic carpets.Lastly, the Case 4 Convergence days are not affected by evacuations. King Epsilon was a great king who is very kind and an intelligent, brave man. His love for Queen Delta is definitely wonderful for he has named a certain area to his queen so he could remember her all the time or whenever he went at that area of the country. Every character was really been a part of the calculus subject. The story doesnt have an ending. Maybe King himself will integrate new ideas into his current kingdom to help students with differentiation and integration.

The Xia Dynasty Essay

The first prehistoric dynasty is said to be Xia, from near the twenty-first to the 16th coke B.C. Xia-dynasty was founded by the Si-clan, who were descendants of the clans foundation mother, Yu. Beca utilize of the lack of written sources, historians have still not gained a correct idea of how the tidy sum lived at that clock. agree to the juveniler tradition, Yu spent thirteen old age to dig out channels and maintain dikes. When emperor Shun died, the moroseicials disagreed with the imperial decision of letting Shuns son inherit the throne. They wanted Yu instead, who after his death was followed by his son. It was Yu who founded the first imperial dynasty in china.Until scientific excavations were do at earlyish bronze-age sites at Anyang, Henan Province, in 1928, it was difficult to separate myth from reality in regard to the Xia. But since then, and especially in the 1960s and 1970s, archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs that load t o the existence of Xia civilization in the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts. At minimum, the Xia period marked an evolutionary stage surrounded by the late neolithic coatings and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang dynasty. Xia was conquered by Tang, and a new era had begun, the Shang-dynasty was founded. Created by Yang LuStunning Capital of Xia Dynasty UnearthedChinese archaeologists tardily found a wide-ranging-scale building foundation in Erlitou Ruins of Yanshi, primal Chinas Henan Province, which be tenaciouss to the later period of Xia Dynasty. The disco precise, the first of its kind in China, over again excited the archaeological field after the heated discussion on the division of Xia and Shang dynasties . The site causes great concern because it was founded at the key moment when the Xia Dynasty (c. 2 deoxycytidine monophosphate BC c. 1600 BC) was replaced by the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC c. 1100 BC), said Dr. Xu Hong, head of the Erlitou Archaeological Team to a lower place the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Was it built by people of the Xia or the Shang? encourage excavation impart answer find the final resolution and provide new materials for periodization of the devil dynasties.Erlitou Ruins, a new mysteryThe Erlitou Ruins were spy by Chinese scholars in their field research of Xia culture. In the following 40 eld outdoor excavation, they obtained rich relics and references. As a result, the Erlitou Ruins were confirmed as the ruins of an important great existing between the Xia and Shang dynasties. The first-hand information and scientific materials laid a solid foundation for the research of Xia culture. Meanwhile, since its discovery, disputes about it have n eer ended.Situated in the central ara of the Xia Dynasty as shown in historical records chronologized as in the Xia Dynasty, the Erlitou Ruins naturally became a key site in the exploration of the Xia culture as easily as th e division between Xia and Shang dynasties. The question remaining is whether it is a Xia-dynasty with child(p) or the Shang capital Xibo.Disputes as wellhead as center on the nature of the Erlitou culture. well-nigh imply it featured Xia culture in early period and Shang culture in later period, while others believe it was of pure Xia culture.After the periodization of the Xia, Shang and Zhou (c. 1100 BC 221 BC) was completed, to a greater extent and much experts tended to believe Erlitou was a site of Xia ruins and it once served as the capital during the dynastys middle and later periods.This means people can almost excite the pulse of Chinas first dynasty. I say almost because many an(prenominal) mysteries about the Erlitou Ruins remain unsolved, Dr. Xu Hong said. Weve got only an outline of the information it has provided, such as the internal layout, evolution process, culture, social life, organizational structure and ethnics, of this capital.The final solution to t he mysteries of Erlitou culture and Xia culture still depends on more historical witnesses, such as the creation of char wreakers, Xu said. With further investigation, excavation and research on the ErlitouRuins, people will come a logical argumentate understand the significance of the ruins in exploring the source of Chinese culture, Chinese early civilization and formation of state.Palace complex the earliest ever found chthonic the No.2 site of Erlitou Ruins, which is the foundation of a large-scale rook complex, archaeologists recently discovered a new site of rammed earth, which indicates an earlier, larger and more complicated structure once existed there. It pushes the age of China earliest palace complex back 100 years.According to Dr. Xu Hong, the site, encoded No.3, should be huge to early-period Erlitou culture. To date, it has been confirmed that the structure was about 150 meters long, and its major body comprises at l eastbound three courtyards.Before the discovery, archaeologists believed the No.1 and No.2 sites of Erlitou were the earliest large-scale palaces in China, pass oning to the conclusion that the early period palace was simple in structure and usually had one gate and one courtyard. The excavation of No.3 site, however, made them interchange minds.The Erlitou Ruins, dating back 3,850-3,550 years, were found in 1959. As early as in 1978, archaeologists had noticed large-scale rammed earth under the No.2 palace site and clear-cut to explore its scale, structure and date. In recent years, the Erlitou Archaeological Team has focused their field work on early buildings of Erlitou and its relationship with later buildings. Since autumn 2001, more than 3,000 square meters have been excavated.The result is the discovery of the more complicated No.3 and No.5 palace sites, which sit side by side, one in the east, the other in the west. Under the passageway between them, there is a 100-meter-long wooden-structured drainage culvert.In the m iddle and south courtyards of No.3 site, archaeologists similarly found rows of medium-sized tombs, of which five-spot have been cleaned up. completely of the tombs are coat with cinnabar and traces of coffins can still be nattern. Burial members unearthed include bronze, jade, lacquer and white pottery ware as closely as glazed pottery inlayed with turquoise and artifacts made from seashells. Many items, such as white pottery in shape of wide-rimmed bamboo hat, jade ornament looking like a birds head, large vessel inlayed with turquoise and ornament composed of nearly 100 gear-like holed clams, had never been seen forwards.The discovery of the tombs with so many aristocrats is of great significance to the field of force of the nature of No.3 site and the burial ceremonies of the Erlitou culture. Basic structure of Erlitou made clearIn the past half a century, Chinese archaeologists have dedicated themselves to pursuit relics of the Xia Dynasty and their work centers on w estern Henan Province. Historical records show the western part of Henan Province was the central area for activities in the Xia Dynasty. In 1959, historian Xu Xusheng found the large ruins of Erlitou in Yanshi of western Henan Province. Since then, three multiplications of archaeologists have conducted more than 40 excavations.Research proves this was the largest living community in China and even out in East Asia in the first half of c. 2000 BC. It boasted the earliest palace building group of China, earliest bronze sacrificial vessel group and earliest bronze smelting workshop. It is the earliest capital city which can be confirmed to date.Dr. Xu Hong, head of the Erlitou Archaeological Team under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, stresses the academic significance of the work it helps better understand the nature of Erlitou Ruins as a capital, the emergence of city, and the early form of state.The palaces in the Erlitou Ruins had three avenues the one in the east was nea rly 700 meters long, the other two in the north and south were over 300 meters each, with a distance of 400 meters between them. Also, several grades were discovered in the palace area. Between No.1 and No.2 sites, large areas of earth, hundreds square meters of pebble and some rammed-earth foundations were found.The latest exploration and excavation show the palace ruins were distributed in a northwest-southeast trend along the ancient Yiluo River. The longest distance from east to west was 2,400 meters, and that from north to south, 1,900 meters. The northern part of it had been damaged by the Luohe River, with only a three-square-kilometer area left. The most important part was the highland in the southeast, with palace foundation ruins, bronze smelting workshop ruins and medium-sized tombs. The western part of it was relatively low and used to be common residential areas. On the edge of the eastern part a ditch extending euchre meters intermittently was found. It was believed to be a ditch providing earth for construction or pottery making in the past. Also, it formed the eastern b cast of the palace.Background Journey into the Xia DynastyErlitou is a common village on the northern bank of the Luohe River, Henan Province. Few has k nown it was the location of the capital of Chinas first dynasty, Xia between c.1900 BC to c. 1600 BC. It witnessed the prosperity of the Xia and the transmission from the Xia to the Shang. However, the memory about the Chinese nation seemed to dim from peoples mind and some even doubted if there had been such a brilliance.In the 20th century, the discovery of inscriptions on tortoise shells or animal bones and excavation of the Yin Ruins of Anyang proved the existence of the Shang Dynasty. This greatly promote Chinese scholars, who hoped to restore the real appearance of the Xia Dynasty by seeking relevant relics.Since Erlitou was discovered by Xu Xusheng and his archaeological team in 1959, Chinese archaeologists have entere d a new stage in the exploration ofthe Xia culture.The continuous excavation brought to light ruins of large-scale palace foundations, large-scale bronze smelting workshop, pottery making and bone article workshops as well as buildings related to religious sacrifice, 400 tombs, tacks of bronze and jade sacrificial vessels. every(prenominal) these have proven Erlitou was the earliest capital ever founded in China.Along with new discoveries, the disputes over Xia culture and the division of the Xia and Shang dynasties have heated up again, attracting both domestic and overseas scholars. The periodization of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties greatly promoted the guide of Xia culture. The initial building of the Shang city in Yanshi has been confirmed as a boundary mark between the Xia and Shang dynasties, and Erlitou Ruins, a capital of the Xia Dynasty. More and more scholars incur to accept the view that the mainstay of Erlitou culture was Xia culture.Now the exploration on the so urce of Chinese civilization and Xia culture is still going on. Dr. Xu Hong, as well as other scholars devoted to this use up, is fully confident of the future The discovery of the Yin Ruins astounded the world in the 20th century. We believe the Erlitou Ruins will lead the study of Chinese ancient civilization to a new stage in the 21st century.The first prehistoric dynasty is said to be Xia, from about the twenty-first to the sixteenth century BC. Until scientific excavations were made at early bronze-age sites at Anyang, Henan Province, in 1928, it was difficult to seperate myth from reality in regard to the Xia. But since then, and especially in the 1960s and 1970s, archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs that point to the existence of Xia civilization in the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts. At minimum, the Xia period marked an evolutionary stage between the late neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilizati on of the Shang Dynasty. The Xia Dynasty is traditionallly supposed to have begun with the reign of Yu the gravid and ended with the fall of Jie, demiseing for more than 400 years, from approximately the 21st century BC to a little earlierto the 16th century BC. THere were solely seventeen kings in fourteen generations. According to an ancient version of history, however, it was not Yu, but his son Qi, who founded the dynasty.Towards the end of the Xia Dynasty, social contradictions and confict grew sharper. Tradition has it that in the 16th century BC, the last ruler of Xia, Jie, abused his power and increased oppression. He exhausted the resources of the people to build palaces and pavilions for himself. The people were also forced to go to war.Filled with execration for Jie, the people could no longer put up with his despotic rule and fled in large numbers. Even his court officials cursed him and wished his death, although that might mean that they themselves would perish.The origin of Xia Dynasty The Great Yu and the terrible Flood Shang Tang sezed this opportunity. took a revolt and finally overthrew the Xia Dynasty and founded the house known as the Shang Dynasty. Legend has it that some four or five thousand years ago there occurred once in the yellowish River valley a terrible flood which washed away whole villages with their houses and make full large areas of cropland. Many people lost their lives in the flood and those who were fortunate enough to survive were forced to abandon their homes and go and live on hillsides or migrate to places far, far away.At that duration, the drawing card of the confederation of tribes was a man named Yao who at once summoned together the chieftains of all the tribes to discuss how to get the flood under control. At the meeting, a man named grinder was elected by unanimous vote to take charge of the fight against the flood.Under Guns leading, the people spent nine long years building dams and dykes to stop t he flow of the rivers. All the efforts however ended only in more disastrous floods. It happened more than once that no sooner was a dam or dyke built than it was destroyed by flood which carried sands and mud overpowerstream until the brim of the Yellow River was choked up and the laid low(p) areas became larger and larger while the number of victimsincreased.By this time Yao himself was getting very old and so he yielded his place to one named Shun who attached great importance to flood control and went to the work sites for a personal inspection. When he found that Gun had failed in his mission, he first had him incarcerated on Feather Hill and then killed. After that he gave gives that Guns son Yu should carry on the work of engagement the flood.There have been many mythical stories about Yus birth. whiz is that three years after Gun was killed, his dead body still showed no signs of putrefaction and when someone cut it open, out bounded the boy Yu. Another has it that Yus mother gave birth to him after eating a kind of undue fruit. Anyway, in ancient times everyone seemed to believe that Yu was the son of a god, an ingenious, capable and peerless hero.It was barely four years after he got married when Yu veritable Shuns order. Determined to have the flood under control and remove the menace to the people, he left his wife behind and determined off for the work site.Yu first made a study of the causes that had led to his fathers failure. consequently he made a careful survey of the afflicted areas and asked for advice from experienced workers. Knowing that water tends to flow from higher to lower regions, he abandoned Guns method of building dams and dykes to stop the flow of waters. alternatively he led his men in digging ditches and canals to divert the flood and also in dredging the river channels so as to provide outlets for the floods into the sea. In those days there was a high mountain, Mount Longmen, in the upper reaches of the Yellow Ri ver that blocked the way of the river. When the turbulent waters reached the mountain, it overflowed the banks, causing floods in the vicinity. In order to cut a canal into the mountain, Yu turned himself into a bear and stole into the mountains to do the digging. He also enlisted the help of Ying Long, Huang Dis brave warrior. Eventually, he succeeded in cutting a canal through Mount Longmen and thus made it possible for the floods to flow by way of this canal and the dredged rivers into the sea.Rain or shine, Yu worked in the midst of his men, digging and taking earth away all through the four seasons of a year. His face became sun-burnt and his body spare and thin. Even the hair on his calves was worn away. But he was so dedicated that it was said that he had three times refrained from entering the door of his home when he was passing by. One story has it that he happened to be passing the door when his wife was giving birth to his son Qi. He heard the baby crying, but in order t o get the flood under control as early as he could he turned away from his door.Thus after thirteen long years of continuous efforts, Yu and his men succeeded in dredging all the rivers, big and small, and in doing away with the evil of flood. Those who had gone to live on hillsides or had migrated to remote places now came back to their native places. Under Yus leadership, they tilled the land and planted crops and developed agricultural production. As a result, people were beginning to lead a good life.Yu was held in great reverence by all the tribes who now addressed him as Yu the Great. Shun was convinced that Yu had both comely qualities and great competency and so recommended him as his successor. After the death of Shun, Yu became the head of the tribal confederation. ulterior his own son Qi set himself as the successor and it was Qi that set up the first slave-owning state in Chinese history the Xia DynastyXia Dynasty 2100 BC 1700 BCAccording to legend, the Chinese peopl e originated in the Huang He (Yellow River) valley created by the god, Pan Ku. There is little archaeological evidence of this, although remains of Homo Erectus dating back 460,000 years have been found near Beijing. Several villages & conjure ups from about 10,000 BC have been found by archaeologists in northern China. Although little is known about the Xia Dynasty, the Xia are off-key to be descended from the Huang He people. Until recently the dynasty was archetype of as mythical but archaeological evidence has now proved its existence. In about 3000 BC theLungshan people emerged and were the first people of the Xia Dynasty. They made silk, fine pottery and bricks baked in ovens to build their homes. They learned how to control floods and irrigate fields and had great engineering skills. There are no written records although it is assumed that they had a writing system of some sort.This first hereditary dynasty lasted some 400 years and tradition says it ended when a Xia ruler started mistreating the people and was overthrown. The Xia Dynasty is visualized as the tutorial missions in Emperor. In prehistoric ancient China several nomadic families joined together and settled along the fertile banks of the Wei River. The solvent of Banpo starts very small requiring only the basics of life but, as the years pass, the settlement prospers and they establish farms together with the manufacture of luxuries such as beautiful ceramics. Later still, explorers go out from the town to search for other communities and a new town is established on the plains of Erlitou and rudimentary trade between cities is started.At last the silk-worm and the beautiful fabric that can be made from it are discovered. As with most societies, war threatens and copper is mined to make weapons and arm soldiers. Taxes have to be levied with the tax collectors using wooden ledgers for record keeping. Finally the tutorials (and Xia Dynasty) end with victory in battleThe establishment of th e Xia Dynasty (21st 17th century BC) is an important milestone in the history of Chinese civilization and marks the end of the primitive person Society and the beginning of the Class Society. It is the first dynasty in Chinese history, and lasted nearly 500 years including the reigns of 17 emperors. It is thought that most of the Xia people probably inhabited the western area of Henan Province and southern Shanxi Province. Political HistoryIt is Yu the Great who first set up the dynasty under the Abdication System (choosing the leader according to their ability). After he died, his son Qi broke up this system and made himself the Xia emperor. From that time onwards, the Abdication System gave way to the Hereditary System.Following the system of hereditary, 15 offspring of Qi succeeded him afterhis death. Among them, emperors like Shaokang, and Huai made great contributions to the development of Chinese society. However, there were also many tyrannical emperors during this period s uch as Taikang, Kongjia, and Jie.Economy and CraftsDuring this dynasty, many achievements were made. People lived mainly through agriculture using tools made of stone or bone. The Jade ware at that time was quite delicate and bronze vessels were well smelted. Craftwork made of bronze embedded with jade also appeared. Commodity exchanges developed. A calendar system was devised which used both lunar and solar movements.DeclineXia ended under the reign of Jie, a very notorious tyrannical emperor in Chinese history. After he succeeded to the throne, he lived an extravagant life day and night without any thought for his country or its people. In addition, he killed the patriotic ministers who presented him with good advice. All of his actions enraged the people so much that at last they rose up under the leadership of Tang (the chief of the Shang tribe and latter set up Shang Dynasty (17th 11th century BC) and overthrew Xia.The realm of China has been well renowned for its sundry and unique culture that is why a lot of researchers, students, and tourists became very much fascinated with the historical background and grow of this culture. For decades, Chinese history and culture have undergone huge stacks of changes from the places, food, clothing, political beliefs, spiritual choices, attitude of people, structure of buildings and residences, government types, arts, and others alike. All of the alleged factors have undergone change and initiation throughout the point in time, living great impact on its people. To better acquire an understanding of the up-to-date transformation in the ethnicity and traditions of China, it is better to be aware of the roots of modernization where innovation and immense amendment took place.According to unswerving sources, there are proof and substantiation that the immense variations on the Chinese history and culture was distinguished andtook consign during the Xia Dynasty, roughly more or less 2100 B.C. to 1600 B.C. The Xia Dynasty lasted for nearly 500 years and during those long years, a lot of modification has been made doable under diverse leaders from one generation to another. All through those years, the nation of China has been under the leadership of 17 different emperors that has left a lot of remarkable changes in the countrys culture. The Origins and maturation of the Xia DynastyFirst, it is important to go through the origin of the Xia Dynasty where did it all start? There are a lot of different versions and story lines on the subject of the roots of the Xia Dynasty but regardless of those speculations, lone factor will remain the same, and that is Xia was the very first established dynasty system in China. Long before, the Xia Dynasty had been established through battles between two tribes that had long existed the two battling tribes are the Xia tribe and Chiyous tribe. The Patriarch of the Xia TribeThe Xia tribe was noted to progressively develop and took place during the time of Zhuanxu, who is well acknowledged as one of the five great emperors of China. According to classical research, reviews and historical texts, a lot of evidences have proved that Yu the Great, which is the first leader of China during the Xia Dynasty was the grandson of Zhuanxu. Other classical facts and historical rites profess that Xia is a member of the fifth generation of Zhuanxu. Whether of the alleged facts are true or not, the only fact that will remain the same is that the first conqueror and leader of Chinas Xia Dynasty originated from the Zhuanxu, evidently making it possible that the Xia clan was mainly the descendants of the great emperor. Areas of base and the Abdication SystemThe development of the Xia Dynasty served as a very significant part of the Chinese history and culture since during those periods the development has marked the end of the Primitive civilization and highlighted the beginning of the class and more modernized society. Most people during the Xia Dyn asty period localized in the western area of the province of Henan and some also inhabited the northern and southern part of the province of Shanxi. Duringthe earlier times of Xia Dynasty, the approach in selecting the right leader was first set up by Yu the Great, who made the Abdication System the way of choosing the right leader. The Abdication System is an approach where a leader is chosen according to their advanced ability and competence. Guns Mission to Stop the Flooding at the Yellow RiverThroughout the Xia Dynasty, the main problem that Yu the Great had to deal with was the swamp of the Yellow River. Long before the time of Gun, known as the earliest member of the Xia clan and also the father of Yu the Great, Gun and other tribe members attempted to solve the problems of flooding. Gun was appointed by Yao to stop the flooding of the Yellow river Yao ordered the establishment and construction of large line of defense and blockade that would stop the flooding and destructio n of their farm or field crops. The attempt of Yus father to build a defense and effective barrier to prevent and control the flood lasted for nine long years, but in the end they still failed to attain their goal since the flood became stronger and more uncontrollable. That failure has lead to the order of execution of Yu the Greats father Gun, who was ordered by Shun the succeeding leader of the throne. Guns Execution and Yus MissionGun was ordered to be executed on the mountain located between the Donghai countries because of his fathers failure to solve the flooding, Yu the Great was motivated to continue his fathers attempt to stop the flooding of the Yellow River. Since Yu the Great was highly trusted by Shun, he was then assigned to continue his fathers work the method and technique of Yu greatly differ from his fathers approach. As you can recall, the method used by Gun was to build a blockade that will redirect the path of the water to stop the flood but since it is a fai lure, Yu the Great tried a whole lot of different approach. The first step that Yu considered was to acquire help from other tribes. What he did was unite people coming from the different tribes and ordered them to lend him a hand in solving their flooding problems by efficaciously building canals in all the major rivers around China, which will redirect the water into its way to the sea, consequently preventing it from flooding their farms. Yus Dedication to Stopping the Yellow River FloodsYu the great has dedicated 13 years of his life in order to complete his mission and during those 13 years, he did not go home to see his family. It was said that throughout that 13 years he only passed by looking at his house without going inside and talking to his family. He was very much dedicated and highly motivated, he was an epitome of strength and intelligence may be that is the reason why all his hard work ultimately paid off, and his technique was successful in leading the water direc tly into the sea, thus preventing the flood. Mission Accomplished Prosperity EnsuesThe prevention of the flood eventually lead to the affluence and growth of the farm crops that was usually destroyed by the flood and this growth has lead to the strengthening of the Xia tribe, making Yu the leader of other surrounding tribes. Then eventually after several years, Shun abdicated his throne to Yu since Shun himself is getting old and needs to pass the throne and authority to a competent leader he then chose Yu to succeed on his position. And that was noted as the first year of Yus leadership and also the birth of the Xia Dynasty. After several years of leadership, Yu was ought to pass the throne to a worthy leader but instead of choosing according to the competence and ability Yu chose to give the throne to his son Qi that act marked the start of the Hereditary System in selecting a leader and began the era of clan leadership style of governing.The throne was continuously passed to son s of the kings, from generation to generation until the time of Jie took place. Jie was the last ruler of the Xia dynasty he was perceived as a corrupt leader, which lead to the rebellion of the people against his leadership that eventually lead him to be overthrown by Tang who started the Shang Dynasty. Xia Dynasty Technology & InnovationOther changes that were noted from the period of Xia Dynasty was subsequent, the use of stone tools like the hand axe, they also made use of gouge in perfecting the stone tools that they created. Agriculture was also improved during the Xia period and pasturing was started. Irrigation technology was also greatly improved, the production of dried and earthen goods also took place, the use of ships and vehicles arose, the use of varnish became common practice. Silk production and weaving also took place during the Xia dynastyas well as drilling and carving technology. But the most recognized innovation during this period was the creation of the cale ndar based on two different patterns, the use of jade, bronze vessels, and bronze casting also became popular at this era.XIA Dynasty faith Government Geography Economy Society First Chinese Dynasty Marked the transition between primitive society and class society. First began with an abdiction system Choosing leader by ability. After Yu the great died, his son Qi changed to the hereditary system choosing the leader by the bloodline. The Xia Dynasty had no written records so at times they are considered myth. There society was based on slavery. Their culture was very into astronomy. They were among the first to chart constellations and supernovas. Most of the Xia was learned from ancient records from other civilizations because the Xia themeselves had no form of writing. Some of these records include the Bamboo Annals and the Records of the Grand Historian. They were believed to be Aryans who migrated into the area and they were able to take down the locals and conquer it. There ar e credited for discovering silk and an early lunar calendar. In the beginning they believed in natural religion.This included shamans, spirits, and cremation of the dead bodies. With time the larger population became Buddhist. Tangut monks translated many sutras to the Xia language. After the 11th century the Xia went into Lamaism Thats another form of Buddhism. small religion present was Chinese Daoism. They were very family oriented, they prestigious their family. Most of the myths about the Xia had godlike leaders or gods included in them. They had a large add of cattle herds that they used to make a lot of woolen products. They depended on their resources. For example fishermen depend on fish. They had no trade with others because they were involved in so much war. Had frontier market to supply their own country. Made coins to buy within their country. Made tools and weapons out of stone, bone, and wood. In the time of Yu the Great there were many floods that destroyed the cr ops and home of the people. Due to excessive floods, Yu built canals leading to the river and the sea.The canals also helped with agriculture when they began farming. There were a total of 17 emperors The first one was Xiayu, who was in power for 45 years The Xia was based onslavery The leader that ended the Xia dynasty was named Jie he was a tyrant. Jie was in charge for 52 years They lived side by side(p) to the yellow riverbend. The Xia were very good fishers. The Xia had descended from a wide-spread Yellow River valley Neolithic culture known as the Longshan culture. There is only some written records of this. The Xia dynasty lasted 500 years. On a warm spring day, in Xia times, some children went out in the fields to play. In those days, if you had a problem you went to see the local flip woman. In this village, the wise womans name was Loawnu. Alarmed at what they saw in the fields, the children ran up the hill to Loawnus house. Loawnu, they shouted. The throw away is fallin g down Loawnu smiled at the children. Dont be worried. Find all the pieces of sky that have fallen, and bring them to me. Ill sew them together again in time for the festival. The spring festival was nearing. This was a time when the young people gathered from many villages to meet one another and to find husbands and wives.The childrens village had been honored this year as the meeting village. It would be a horrible time for the sky to fall down. The village would be disgraced Off the children ran to pick up the pieces. But some were missing Loawnu cried the children, as they tore up the hill, breathing heavily. Loawnu only smiled. The next day, the children ran outside and looked up. The sky looked as it always looked on a warm spring day, clean and fresh and blue. They were so happy. That night, they were amazed The sky had always been dark at night. That night, it was filled with light Loawnu had patched the missing pieces of sky with bright twinkling light How beautiful How cl ever We shall have the happiest spring festival in all the land How lucky we are to know Loawnu All the village agreed. From the canals that Yu built, he was praised and was made him the leader of the Xia Dynasty Archeologists found bronze implements and tombs proving that the Xia dynasty lived through 2100- 1800 BC.

Favorite Genre Essay

There are many different genres of exposures science fiction, romance, drama, adventure, comedy, to name a few. Certain ones appeal more to some people than others. In my opinion, adventure, comedy, and science fiction are the best of all the genres.Adventure cinemas whirligig the list when it comes to being the best. They are full of action, buzz off good story lines, and stop me on the edge of my seat. Adventure movies are thrilling and never boring. What I like best is finding it easy to imagine myself as part of the adventure. some of my favorite adventure movies include Lord of the Rings, Chronicles of Narnia, Pirates of the Caribbean, and National Treasure. There are more adventure movies in the list of the best top 10 movies from 2004-2006 than any other type of movie.The second most popular type of movie over the past three years has been comedy movies. I too agree that comedy movies are wonderful. Everybody likes to laugh, including me. It is said that laughter is the best medicine. With all the bad things going on in the world today, everyone needs to have a good laugh every now and then. Some of my favorite comedy movies include Shrek and Shrek 2.The third most popular type of movie at the box office is science fiction. This is also my third favorite type of movie. Science fiction movies are thrilling, suspenseful, and action filled. They can be shivery too. Science fiction movies are typically guy movies. They allow for limitless imagination. Some of my favorite science fiction movies include all the Star Wars movies, unknown quantity vs. Predator, Men in Black, and War of the Worlds.So, in my opinion, adventure ranks number one, comedy ranks number two, and science fiction ranks number three. According to the results at the box office, Im not the only one who thinks so. So, go to the movies or rent an adventure, a comedy, or a science fiction movie and enjoy

Potential Climate Tipping Point Of Earth System Environmental Sciences Essay

Essay Critically measure the likeliness and mathematical impacts of the Earth System traversing a clime tipping gunpoint within the twenty-first hundred. Introduction climate deviateation have been in grounds since scientists predict that, if no neutralization is planned and put into pattern, we might be affected by ruinous alterations in clime forms. Harmonizing to the IPCC ( 2001a ) , climate alteration is the consequence on the Earth s clime province, and its atmospheric composing, csaused by an digesting series of actions. These actions might bond natural or human beginnings. The UNFCCC ( 1994 ) see the natural beginnings as clime vari able-bodiedness, and these entirely do non represent clime alteration. The human 1s are the 1s that lead clime alteration, and are overly the 1s we nooky act upon. Sun s energy fluctuation, alterations in the Earth s orbit, vents activities and nautical s kineticss are considered to be the natural beginnings that can alter the clime ( NOAA , n.d. ) . The anthropogenetic causes that can impact clime are related to the steeper addition in Greenhouse Gases ( GHG ) emanations, which are conducted by firing fossil fuels, coal mines, set ashorefills, agribusiness, among separates ( EIA, n.d. ) . Climate has ever changed, but it can make a certain point where life as we know it can be earnestly affected.There is a point where there is no return, there is no manner of halting or altering whatsoeverthing back to what it was, this is the tipping point ( Macmillan, 2010 Cambridge, 2010 ) . Further more, Wordnik ( 2010 ) defines tipping point as the point at which a slow, reversible alteration becomes irreversible, frequently with dramatic make . For Lenton, Footitt and Dlugolecki ( 2009 ) some of the clime tipping elements the 1s that will be affected by fashioning a tipping point are sea item rise, Monsoons, virago rainforest dieback and oceans circulation as shown in puzzle out 1. Harmonizing to the IPCC ( 20 07a ) abrupt clime alterations, which can beget to a clime related tipping point, have a low chance to go on in the twenty-first century. On the other manus, at Lenton, Footitt and Dlugolecki ( 2009 ) these alterations might drop dead within the twenty-first century unless, in the short term, really drastic attempts lessening aggressively the emanations. Therefore this essay critically assesses the Earth System tipping points possible impacts on some of its elements and their chance of go oning in this century.Figure 1 Lenton et Al. ( 2008 ) universe population denseness and tipping elements sites.Sea Level RiseAs exposed in VilibiA ( 1997 ) , sea degree can be measured taking into history a lay point of mention ( tide gage informations ) or quicksilver(a) sea degrees ( orbiter altimeter informations ) . In the first one, even though clime alteration is steering sea degree rise, a lessening in sea degree can be obtained if the landmark is in a topographic point where hemorrhoi ds of ice were melted off. That occurs because the ice weight exerts force per unit area on the land beneath, and when it melts off, the land steadily bounces back, locally raising its height comparative to ocean s degree and, therefore, giving the false feeling of lessening in sea degree. Conversely, in the 2nd one ( satellite altimeter ) , when planetary sea degrees are the benchmark, the H2O that comes from the melted land-based ice joins the sea H2O increasing its degree. As it is shown in common fig 2, temperatures are expect to lift, taking to a steep addition in the sea degree harmonizing to the medium temperature scenario ( figure 3 ) .Figure 2 EDF ( 1999 ) temperature alterations projections Figure 3 EDF ( 1999 ) sea degree alterations projectionsIce sheets are a impulsive force because of the monolithic impact of its liquid H2O in sea degree. Harmonizing to the American Geological Institute ( 2010 ) , ice sheets are a glacier of considerable thickness and more than 50, 000 square kilo rounds in hoidenish, organizing a uninterrupted screen of hundred and ice over a land surface, distributing outward in all waies and non confined by the implicit in topography . The Greenland ice sheet and the West Antarctic ice sheet, if thawed wholly, would take together to a 12 metre rise in sea degree ( IPCC, 2001b ) . The Maldives 1,200 islands is an illustration, they are less than three metre above sea degree, therefore, a little addition in sea degree can do them vanish. Bangladesh is another 1, nowadays the loss of land along their rivers obligates a million of people to be relocated, and if the sea rises one metre, more than 13 million will h experienced to be relocated ( World mountain of Global Warming, n.d. ) . Lenton, Footitt and Dlugolecki ( 2009 ) anticipations province that it would take 300 old ages for the full ice sheets to run, however, because of its elephantine dimension, merely a little fraction of it go oning in this century will hold an tremendous impact.Harmonizing to the medium temperature alteration scenario, even though after the temperature rate of addition is likely to decelerate down ( figure 2 ) , the sea degree will go on to lift ( figure 3 ) . That will likely be due to the negative ice-albedo feedback connected to the temperature addition. The Copenhagen diagnosing ( 2009 ) states that the IPCC AR4 ( Integovernmental Panel on Climate limiting Fourth Assessment Report ) presented a sea degree addition half that of the observed by more recent research. It overly suggested that the net fluctuation of the Antarctica and Greenland ice mass is rapidly diminishing. As temperature additions and ice sheet ( higher reflective power ) thaws, Earth and thickset ocean H2O ( lower reflective power ) absorb more heat, taking more ice thaw and sea rise.MonsoonsRamage ( 1971 ) defined monsoons as a seasonal reversing air current accompanied by seasonal alterations in haste more late, Trenberth et Al. ( 2000 ) and Zuidema et Al. ( 2007 ) say that it is the asymmetric warming of land and sea associated with precipitation and atmospheric circulation seasonal alterations. The summer monsoons carry air from sea to the land ( traveling from a high to low force per unit area rude ) in land this air raises, gets colder and turn into heavy rain. In contrast, winter monsoons work on the other manner around traveling air from land ( that cools faster ) to the sea ( that maintains heat ) , therefore doing land drouth. A simplistic account for monsoons is that they are seasonal, strong and big graduated table air currents that stray from sea to land or the other manner around, doing a batch of rain or drouth.Harmonizing to the University of California ( 2002 ) , planetary heating might heighten the summer monsoons behaviour and weaken the winter monsoons behavior, altering its impact in Earth life. The alteration in behaviour happens because during summer, with more wet in the air as the ocean will be warmer, it is expected a encouragement in rainfall and implosion therapy. On the other manus, winter monsoons ( in raising temperatures scenario ) might non be as strong, due to set down non being every bit cold as it was, doing the weaken of the air current blow to the sea. In some(prenominal) topographic points, concern and agribusiness have their growing reliant on the monsoons. As the monsoons are seasonal, many activities are driven and impacted on its dependability, besides that, if a monsoon lead countries to deluge or drought, that besides have an impact on the Earth life.The Indian and the West African monsoons are the tipping elements with closer tipping points harmonizing to Lenton et Al. ( 2008 ) . The Indian summer monsoon is expected to heighten due to greenhouse gases concentrations that trap the air. In this instance, more rain in expected, which could be good for agribusiness, but excessively ofttimes rain ( frequence and measure ) it can turn into inundation and have a negative impact. The West African monsoon, on the other manus, might hold a positive result after its alterations, as it can do the desert wetting agent, increasing the growing of flora. Besides harmonizing to Lenton et Al. ( 2008 ) both instances are expected to make its tipping points within the following decennary, foremost the Indian monsoon ( around one twelvemonth ) and so the West African monsoon ( around 10 old ages ) .AmazonThe Amazon rain wood is normally called the lung of the Earth. It is in the North of South America, most of it is in Brazil, but it extents besides over Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and Gallic Guiana. It covers around five and a half million square kilometres, which is about 16 times the country of the United Kingdom ( as the country circulated in black shows in figure 4 ) . The biodiversity in the Amazon tropical wood is tremendous, harmonizing to Da Silva et Al. ( 2005 ) latest research indicate that there ar e more than 40,000 works species, 3,000 fishes, 1,200 birds, 420 amphibian vehicles, 400 mammals, and 370 reptilians in the part. Lenton et Al. ( 2009 ) list the economic, societal, environmental built-in values of the Amazon Forest C segregation and storage, biodiversity, H2O cycling and landscape value. Because of its magnitude, the Amazon is passing of import to the universe.The foreland menaces to its eco arranging are the deforestation and clime alteration. Harmonizing to the Permanent Interministerial Working Group for Reducing the Rates of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon ( 2004 ) , the chief causes for the deforestation in the Amazon are cattle ranching, logging, agribusiness, illegal appropriation of public lands, and route building. As the Amazon is a huge unpeopled country, the Brazilian authorities battle to command and hinder its abuse, hence appears that at the present clip, there is no simple solution for this issue. Additionally, clime alteration ( in this instan ce, part due to the El Nino increased impact ) may increase temperature and cut down the rainfall in the part, doing the die-back of the wood ( Cox et al. , 2004 ) . As shown in figure 4, from the entire country of the Amazon forest, more than half of it is likely to vanish until 2030 due to the deforestation that already took topographic point, and the deforestation and drought previsions for the future old ages.Figure 4 BBC ( 2008 ) Area of the Amazon ForestThe work from Jones et Al. ( 2009 ) suggests that any seeable reaction from the ecosystem can perchance look merely after a long-run transmutation is already taking topographic point. This can intend that, even though we are presently under the threshold of the Amazon tipping point, with CO2e at 430 ppmv on the manner to 450 ppmv, it can take to more than 2AC addition in temperature ( Lenton et al. , 2009 ) and can already be perpetrating the Amazon future die-back, even though there is no evident grounds at the minute. This s uggests that the stabilisation of this ecosystem clime impacts do non depend merely on the stabilisation of the clime.Ocean CirculationHarmonizing to the Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting U.S. Department Of Transportation ( 2009 ) , the thermohaline circulation ( THC ) refers to the physical drive mechanism of the ocean circulation ensuing from fluxes of heat and fresh water across the sea surface, subsequent interior commixture of heat and salt, and geothermic heat beginnings . Furthermore, at the IPCC ( 2007a ) portion of the THC is the meridional overturning circulation ( MOC ) that is established along the western boundary of the Atlantic basin .The IPCC ( 2007a ) provinces that, in the Atlantic, the planetary heating due to the nursery gases raise in the ambiance drives the addition of fresh water into the ocean which can take ocean s circulation decline or even its motion shut-down. Increase in freshwater overflow, from rivers and from land ice melted , into the ocean makes less salty the ocean s surface Waterss. This decrease in the salt lessening ocean s denseness, being less dense it might non be heavy weed to travel under the surface and impel the MOC motion. This motion is of import because it captures CO2 from the ambiance and sinks it, hive awaying it into the deep ocean.Another ocean, in concurrence with the ambiance, phenomena that influence planetary clime and is influenced by clime alteration is the ENSO ( El Nino and La Nina ) . El Nino is the heating of the surface of the Pacific Ocean in the tropical part ( weakening its normal status ) it happens every 2 to 7 old ages jumping to the conversely cold stage, La Nina ( IPCC, 2007a ) that strengthens its normal status. They cause opposite extreme conditions effects such as inundations and drouths, and other conditions effects around the universe. If the amplitude of ENSO gets higher, if can escalate the effects of other tipping elements, such as the Asiatic Monsoon an d the Amazon die-back causes.DecisionEven though some tipping points were seen individually in this essay, as they are portion of the same ecosystem, alterations in any of them will straight or indirectly act upon the other 1s. Some of these influences, such as the 1s from the ENSO into the Monsoons or the Amazon are more clearly connected, but the theoretical accounts used to measure the tipping elements and their possible tipping points are non able to foretell all the possible interactions of the Earth complex ecosystem and its reactions to the clime alteration. Nonetheless, even though there are multiple tipping points, they relate to a specific country and hence have their ain local importance, timing and pay in a planetary graduated table influence.Undesirably seems like there is no exact reply for the likeliness of the Earth System traversing a clime tipping point within the twenty-first century. Harmonizing to the IPCC ( 2007b ) likeliness refers to a probabilistic appraisa l of some chiseled result holding occurred or happening in the hereafter, and may be based on quantitative analysis or an evocation of respectable positions but no research, paper, article, study, book affirm with certainty any reaction related to climate alteration as a whole. Publications normally conclude their statements with capable decisions, smoothing their findings with looks such as far from inevitable, distinguishable possibility, more likely, really improbable and chances that can hold an ample scope, which are non decisive. Cox et Al. ( 2004 ) even declares that we are assuage a long manner from being able to gauge the chance of such an ecological calamity happening in the existent Earth system . The return place message should be that, even though there are no warrants, there is a opportunity of traversing a clime tipping point Oklahoman or subsequently. Are we prepare to disregard the chances and take the opportunity to be affected by ruinous clime alteration, or should we be more careful and take actions now that can extenuate the negative impacts on the Earth system?Word count 2,332

Reflections on the Course Counter Terrorism

During these troubled times, I do believe that it is important for students to be well aware of the things which can create fearfulness within and pose a threat to the whole community. For the past few years, the threats in the international as well as local communities have created a great change in the perspective of the people regarding security. Many have been threatened and manipulated by the fear and paranoia that they could be victims of terrorist attacks. Because of this, buffet terrorism policies and measures must be implemented to uphold national security and lessen the fear of the public.While serving the country as part of the U. S. Army, I have been a witness to and became promptly involved in the actions taken by our government against the prevailing violence in the United States. Reflecting upon the things I learned and encountered, I came to realize the importance of counter terrorism in establishing security and upholding peace. Thus, upon taking this course, I do expect that I will considerably learn approximately counter terrorism in the perspective of the current and past governments, study the various counter terrorism policies and measures, and understand the reason why some of them work while others have been rendered ineffective.Learning roughly these things will certainly aid me in fulfilling my duty to fight terrorism not only as a member of the U. S. Army but as a citizen of this country. I also expect that a portion of this subject will be dedicated to peace studies which I hope will include the ideologies of Martin Luther King Jr. , Mahatma Gandhi, and other peace advocates. Exploring this topic would be beneficial for the students taking this course, especially for someone like me who is part of the Army, as learning about peace would help me to further grasp the depth and weight of my duty to my country.

Steven Holl – Ideas on Architecture

Steven score Thoughts and Ideas on Architecture As I sit and listen to the rainf all(prenominal), I cant answer but wonder about the changing of seasons. Winter to spring, Spring to summer, summer to fall, fall back to winter. While each droplet of rain must have Journeyed bulky and far before it descended upon me, now its Just a pool of droplets. The best part about spring is the rain showers. Without the spring rain we would have no summer flowers, no gardens, non leaves or grass. Spring marks the direction of a new change. One with more life, a new beginning of sorts.A preceding(prenominal) for the spare-time activity months a metamorphosis from en season to the next. Ancient Greek philosopher Heraclites found fascination with change in its most simple form. He believed that all is flux, and nothing stays still. But what if he was wrong? If flux could be stopped what would happen? I could walk out into this storm and not be wet, for the droplets of rain atomic number 18 sti ll and the clouds stationary. In the moment, I find tranquility in the storm. Peacefulness balance wheels among the stillness of res publica. Not a splash of water made, not a scour in the trees, not even a whistle to the wind.I think to myself, The serenity of nature is unlike anything else in this world. All of a sudden, concussion Lightning strikes followed by a violent boom of thunder. A nearby tree creaks like an old door opening as it falls to the ground by luck I became drenched by the rainfall. I sought shelter under a roof, but it seemed as if the world was at ease. Almost as if earth made a treaty with itself to remain motionless for the rest of magazine. Nevertheless, it wasnt because if nothing changed then storms wouldnt occur, seasons couldnt transpire, and life would be lifeless.This earth we live on is matchless of a kind and distinct from anything else. Earth speaks for itself and Heraclites states this excellently, Not l, but the world says it all All is one. And yet everything comes in season. In comparison to the precedent of spring to the rest of the seasons, a persons early life can shape the following years in their life. Steven Hollys career was foreshadowed by his earliest years when he and his brother make a 3-story tree house and also an underground clubhouse. This was not only outlined in his childhood, but also in his years of education.While growing up in Beaverton, Washington, he developed the desire to make things, sculpt, draw, and build. After high school, donjon went to study architecture at the University of Washington. His Junior year he left-hand(a) the states and engulfed himself in the great city of Rome, moving from Beaverton, a shipyard city with little architectural density, to Rome, the pinnacle of architectural history. 5 While in Rome, the Vietnam War was pickings place so, let in, instead of developing his thoughts and ideas on architecture, wrote a conscientious objection on philosophical rather religio us grounds.After receiving a reply, he was dismissed collect to physical deformity and never had an actual physical examination. Hold obsessed over his objection because he didnt want them to falsify his opposition, and consequently left Rome with no projects. Upon returning to Washington, he had difficulties finding a firm to hire him. After a year at a small firm outside of Seattle, Hold left to go to San Francisco, where he formed a union with William Stout and Bill Zimmerman they called themselves Opus 411 . Together they entered competitions and wrote declarations of architecture, but all ended too soon, for Hold was broke and needed a job.In search of a Job and possible graduate school, Hold was accepted at Harvard, Princeton, and Yale, and on top of that hired at Louis Khans office in Philadelphia. He made the decision to take the Job and decline the schools. Confusion descended once Hold received word of Khans death. He declined borrowing to graduate schools for a Job tha t was no longer possible. Fortunately in 1976, Hold was offered to study, tuition free, at the Architectural Association in London by a man named Alvin Boyar. 5 For that reason, Hold made another life-changing decision and packed his bags to go to London.During that time he traveled to every possible build to experience them first hand and to sketch hem. Living as a vagabond in the streets of London, by some meaner, Hold managed to find a client from Paris. His new client was up circumstances with his noisy and crowded vacation home so Hold made large pencil drawings of a new draw back house offset from the shore. In one of the drawings he sketched a man on a boat headed to his refuge home, his back to the home and face to the shore. Hold comments, The character in the rowboat illustrates the way that all of us must work. He cannot see where he is going, only where he has been.Progress is tempered by a sense of mystery, of doubt. 5 A couple years later, Hold made more elaborate p encil drawings of a project for the South Bronx called Gymnasium-Bridge. This project won a Progressive Architecture Award in 1978. Upset by the way his work was presented in Progressive Architecture, he called his colleague Bill Stout, who had loose a bookstore back in San Francisco to make a publication of manifestos and single projects. This was the inception of what would be known as Pamphlet Architecture. Hold set specific guidelines for him and his colleagues to follow for this publication.This was an avian-garden idea at the mime and gave new and unusual ways of looking at architecture. These anthologies feature groundbreaking works by before thinkers of todays most well-known architects, including Steven Hold, Living Timidity, Lubbers Woods, and Gaza Had. 6/7 Hollys excerpts from Pamphlet Architecture are very much concerned with typology and morphology, that is, a study based on classification and also a study on building forms. Pamphlet Architecture 5 The Alphabetical City speaks on the nature of urban buildings during the first one-half of the 20th century.Hold inscribes, The notorious portions of cities that evolved on gridiron plans certain letter-like buildings recurred. The L, or the l type depend on their adjoining structures for meaning. They become dead letter when left stranded as free- standing buildings. 6 You can see here Hold had been analyzing buildings and then classifying certain buildings by the letter in the rudiment they resembled. The forms of these buildings from the generation before him caused him to questions the idea of architecture from that time.Hollys current language of architecture wasnt uncovered until he came across the arks of French philosopher Maurice Merle-Pointy in 1984. 1 This was a time when Hold radically changed his method actings for making and understanding architecture. Subsequent to the discovery of Merle-Pointy, Hold brought start to the idea of deriving projects from concepts outside of architect ure. Over the years, he harnessed this method and played with it as a departure for his work. From there on out, Hold became preoccupied with the idea of experience.Merle-Pointy expresses, We know not through our intellect but through our experience. 3 The phenomenology that Merle-Pointy writes about is what Hold achieves in his architecture. While most architects work outside-in, Hold takes an opposite stance and works inside-out because he affirms that, space is the unthinkable media of architecture. 8 It is an extraordinary responsibility to be an architect because the buildings we make are for people to use. Hold understands this and attempts to make people perceive space differently, to make something gross that they normally wouldnt.A work of his that exemplifies this is the Chapel of SST. Igniting in Seattle, Washington. In this project, Hold starts with the concept, Seven Bottles of Light in a Stone Box. Each of the openings for light allow the sunlight to reflect off c olored walls in a way that causes a conversion to colored-light. You can imagine being in the space that funnels colors at you making light ever more noticeable. This making of architecture relates building, site, and situation with body, space, time, light, and movement. 4 Hollys buildings really execute the interaction between architecture and phenomenology.It doesnt come as a surprise that Hollys major preoccupation is the phenomena of light. We live in a world that we know through vision, which can only be possible with the athletic supporter of light. The dynamic of light defines several of Hollys works including Writing With Light House, Porosity House, Sun Slice House, Kinsman Museum of Contemporary Art, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art Addition, Chapel of SST. Igniting, Museum of the City, and NYU School of Philosophy. 2 However, these projects stand for his thoughts on light, all of his works constitute and deal with light.Specifically in Writing with Light House, Hold inscrib es light in such a way that celebrates light and, its counterpart, shadow. Strips of white light coat the interior in accord with the time of day and season. Shadows then become the strokes on the reface causing an ornament of pattern. This outline shapes light that really gives it meaning and insight. Its not only the approach on light that makes his architecture original, but also his ability to take familiar ideas and transfigure them into something new. It wasnt until the asss when Hold started consistently getting things built.Part of the struggle in his career was becoming famous. This can be challenging because of cruel criticisms or lack of forethought towards your work. For Hold, it wasnt until subsequently his Pace Collection Showroom in New York, that he received a world-known status. He was given a huge amount of critical attention in New York, Europe, and Asia for his new and fresh take on modernism. It took a couple decades but he now has work in Italy, Germany, F rance, Japan, Finland, Switzerland, Norway, The Netherlands, Denmark, and China.Hollys originality that is known throughout the world is, in part, due to his way of thinking and developing ideas. It is not necessarily theories of architecture that shaped this, but phenomenology and science that have shaped his beliefs and ideas. Ideas are very important to Hold and this is where he derives his inspiration. He is fearless when it comes to addressing the world at large for inspiration in his projects. Many shy away because of the criticisms one will face for fear of comparison to larger ideas, nevertheless Hold is audacious.Audacity is exactly what Hold advocates. He encourages students to question everything and this is one reason he, himself, has become such a success. 8 One part of being an architect is that you must be able to fluently articulate your personal thoughts and ideas, rather than simply following the ideas of someone else. It then becomes a push for what you think shou ld happen. Hollys character is tested when working with clients because he must be uncompromising and demanding if he wants to pursue the credit of his concepts. His self-assurance comes from the knowledge of himself.He has never had any doubts on who he is and what he wants to accomplish, and this has lead to his triumph. Even though he must be adamant and resolute, he has sought criticism from respected colleagues and peers of his designs over the years. 2 Hold discusses their commentary and evaluation with them after overcoming his incredulity. This is a testament of his respect for other peoples opinions and ideas. It also reveals his perception in seeking out honest and tough critiques. This may be the reason he is able to keep his knife so sharp.Without the help of others, he would become dull, thereby making his architecture banal. This essay ends with a glimpse of the way Steven Hold sees architecture for the 21st Century. Hold was born in 1947. He lived in latter half of the 20th Century he saw and helped change the way architecture is defined today. He truly sees how architecture has been grounded by the physical aspects of having limited resources in the past, to the increasing technological ways in which we can now build. The constructive ramification into modern life and new ways of seeing are vital traits he believes todays architects must have.Hold elaborates, Any architect caught up with the current speed of globalization of todays architecture realizes that this is an unprecedented time in the history of architecture requiring an unprecedented philosophical commitment. He continues, The challenge of extremely diverse lands, cultures, and climates and their urban conditions set unparalleled obligations for architecture today A surmisal reversing specific to universal a black swan theory suggests an aim for larger, more complex building types.A twenty-first century position that strives to airframe the inherited dualism of the uttermost( a) centurys suffixes might spark a new paradigm shift toward a new focus on architectures potential to shape experience, interrelating body, brain and world. 3 A new generation will emerge after the passing of Steven Hold, one inspired by the books and buildings he bequeathed to humanity. For now, Hold will continue to be a leading architect in the world. Its a great field to be apart of with myriad possibilities, and it is my hope to one day be given the jeopardy to make a richer environment and Join the field of architecture.

Fast Food and Obesity

corpulency is a suppuration problem in the States that has safe consequences for us and our children. Some would argue this growing predicament is due to the poor pickaxs do by the speedy food industries and the unwellnessy foods they have available to the public. Others like the Center for Consumer Freedom, would argue that it is not that their choice to eat healthy or unhealthy but also every individuals beneficial as Ameri stick outs to make that choice with fall out the interference of our government . Where but does that leave the children of America though?Children ar taught to obey their parents and/or guardians and to do as they are told. If parents are feeding their children unhealthy food the children really outweart have a say in it be convey they scarce know what they are taught. It is our responsibility to make the right choices for our children and ourselves. Making healthy choices for ourselves set the right example and image we want for our children to fo llow in as well at a young age so that as they grow they volition continue to make those choices for themselves. Blame the fast food industry.David Zinczenko states that we are not at fault for the increase in obesity over the years, which in position is growing much higher at a more rapid pace in the twenty-first century than in the past and is only pass judgment to get worse. Fast food industries such as McDonalds, Burger King, and Wendys are being blamed for the poor choices in foods they are serving the American public. These places are on every street corner and to easy to access for the busy American family on the run. Some argue that it is their fault for serving moth-eatenly made processed foods at cheap prices.There have also been many complaints about the nutrition facts. They should give nutrition facts for each item being served in some opinions. In Los Angeles they went as far as stopping the opening of new fast-food restaurants in the poorer communities so that the y could control the eating of unhealthy foods for lower cost, causing people to eat less fast food and more home-cooked meals. How can we blame the fast-food industries for our obesity when we are the ones choosing to go to these places and eat the food.Yes, you can find cheap food at these places, but that is because it is cheaply made. It is also possible to find healthy foods at cheaper prices as well. You dont have to shop only at your neighborhood high priced store to find a healthy meal. Processed foods, however, are high in fatty meats and sugars which are cheaper to make than infract cuts of meat and fresh foods. You pay for what you get, simple as that. We would be back fighting these industries if they were serving us cheap products at expressive prices.Taking these drive-thru restaurants onward from us bequeath only cause us to drive further a office to get what we want. Also, nutrition facts are posted inside these establishments. If we chose not to go inside where we can look at these facts you always have the option to go on any of their websites where we can also find and print if you so chose any nutrition facts for the items they are selling. Lawsuits have been filed against fast food restaurants all over the United States, claiming that they have caused Americas obesity problem.According to the U. S. Surgeon General, in 2001 Obesity killed about 300,000 Americans and cost about 100 billion dollars a year. The government wants to hold the fast food industries responsible for these numbers. Other lawsuits have come out because people feel that if someone with cancer could sue the tobacco industries for getting cancer, people with health problems caused by obesity should be able to push the electric outlet of their obesity on to the fast food industry for causing their illnesses as well.Although these illnesses are very different from one another, they both can cause ending in some cases if not treated. These lawsuits are not getting very f ar due to the fact that at the end of the day Ronald McDonald is not retentivity anyone down forcing them to stuff their faces full of deep fried chicken nuggets or greasy, French-fries covered in salt. It is our choice to get into our cars and drive to these restaurants just as it is our choice to wait in line and order that whooper with a large coke. Part of being in America is having the freedom to make choices for ourselves.Pointing the blame at others is much easier than looking at ourselves and realizing that we are becoming obese and have health problems caused by unhealthy foods because of the choices we have made for ourselves. Fast food is not only found at the drive-thru diners with the golden arches or the giant burgers in front of their buildings although they are the most common thing we think of when we hear the margin fast food. Fast food is any food that is quick, convenient, and inexpensive for the most part.It can be bought just about anywhere that sells food an d snacks. hawking machines play a huge part in bad food choices. They are found in most offices and schools for people on the go to captivate a quick bite. Twenty-four hour convenience stores are probably the most common places to find fast food but we dont unremarkably think of it as fast food because it isnt sold threw a drive-thru restaurant. These foods are so popular because for under five dollars you can usually get a meal that may not be the healthiest choice but allow fill you up.However, although fast food is inexpensive it is only that way because it is made with cheaper ingredients. It is time to take some responsibility for our actions. Not only are we hurting ourselves by choosing the fast and easy route of no physical exercise and fast food for meals instead of home cooked ones but we are hurting our children as well. Parents are role models for their children. No matter what we tell our children about do as I say not as I do , you are the sole person they look up to at young ages and they will learn from your actions.Serving our children junk foods at young ages is only preparing them for a future of heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, bone and joint problems, coloured and gall bladder disease, and many other health risks. Children who are obese tend to sexually mature at an earlier age than their peers also. This can cause irregular mensal cycles in girls and can cause fertility problems for them later in life as they reach adulthood. Why are we putting our children by means of this physical torture when we can easily prevent it?Not only are we setting our children up for physical health problems but it has also been be to cause many other problems as well. Although eating healthy is extremely important, exercise is also very critical as well. An obese child in most cases suffers from shortness of breath which makes physical activity such as sports or exercise more difficult. Children who are not active have no way of ever changing their health problems. Overweight children are at risk for developing mental health problems as well. Most children who are intemperate are not happy with their weight but dont always know how to change it in a healthy manner.This can induce children to develop unhealthy dieting habits and eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia. Studies have also shown that they are more prone to substance abuse problems later in life as well so we need to be thinking of not just how these unhealthy foods are affecting our children now but what it will do to them as they grow to adults too. Overweight children are commonly diagnosed with depression. This is not just something that these children can just snap out of. Depression is a serious illness that causes harm to us mentally and physically.The World Health Organization estimates that depression will be the second-leading cause of disability by the year 2020. We need to do all that we can to prevent our children from being exposed to these feelings and disabilities. There is no such thing as a bad food. All foods can fit into a healthy meal plan. Some foods just need to be eaten in moderation more so than others. Even though fast food is usually high in calories and fats along with many other unhealthy things such as sodium and others, eating it every once in a while is not going to cause health problems.It is when you eat too much fast food over a long limit of time and are not eating healthy foods like fruits and vegetables along with home cooked meats that these problems start to occur. We as parents need to take responsibility for our childrens health now so that they are prepared and able to make the right choices for themselves when they become adults and have children of their own. We need to change the obesity problem in America but we need to do so by making the healthier choices ourselves and not put the blame on the industries that serve us unhealthy foods.

Audit of Automobile industry Essay

AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN UKUnited Kingdom has been a colossal producer of gondolas in last 10 stratums. Producing to a greater extent that 8 million vehicles and engines and exporting more than 80% of these, UK railroad rail gondola car industriousness stands as a driving force of its economy. The political machinemobile industry generates a yearly turnover rate of around 55 one million million million Pounds and largest value from exports. N ever sotheless, the country that has railway car players like, Alexander Davis, Aston Martin, Bentley, BMW, Ford, Honda, Jaguar, etc., is still said to be under a vast influence of dwindling confer chain and its dependence on exotic market. Let us scrutinize the situation of UK automobile industry by doing an internal and outside(a) environmental audit.INTERNAL AUDITInternal environmental audit is performed to understand the position of industry with respect to its get environment. SWOT is one of the tools used to perform internal audit which is employed for studying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the subject.STRENGTHSThe strengths of UKs automobile industry1. Largest Revenue generating sectorUKs auto industry yearly contributes around 12 Billion Pounds to the economy of UK by generating revenue of more than 55 Billion Pounds, annually.2. Diversity in productsProducts manu itemured by UK automobile industry run from various premium and sports cars to commercial vehicles and engines. Around 80% of this is exported, yearly.3. Chief trading generatorThe automobile industry in UK is a major employment generating sector, offering wide range of employment opportunities in manufacturing and R&D.WEAKNESSES1. Disparity between manufacturersUKs automobile industry is known for having an ascetic disparity between its manufacturers, which stands out to be a major weakness of this industry.2. Depleted Supply kitchen rangeSupply chain of UK automobile industry is going through an appalling phase. A potent supply chain and its capacity is an important factor in determining market expansion and international investment. all-embracing improvement, in the supply chain of UK automobile industry, is essential.3. Dependence on foreign marketsAs the UK car industry exports around 80% of its produce to foreign markets, it is under the risk of getting directly dependent on economic crisis of other markets. UK motor industry should focus on reaching as many markets as possible to ease risk.OPPORTUNITIES1. Providing eco-friendly vehiclesUKs automotive industry has been constantly active in innovating parvenu products to stomach a safe and eco-friendly environment, hence opening up string of opportunities.2. Investments by Global OEMsIn the year 2013 many global equipment manufacturers have announced investments in United Kingdom. Through these strategic alliance UK auto industry is believed to benefit significantly.THREATS1. Soaring cost of Raw MaterialThe cost of raw material has bee n ever rising hence, the manufacturers pay more for procuring raw material every year. This eventually raises the price of automobiles.2. Increasing contentionWith new companies coming in UK along with foreign direct investment the competition is bound to soar, in conclusion increasing threat for existing companies.Bottom-line is that in spite of challenges faced by automobile industry in last decade, it is resurging from its downfall and looking forward to producing more number of vehicles this year.EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISThe automobile industry in UK has been tactically working towards creating new opportunities and enhancing technology. It has drawn-outly slogged to make UK more attractive for foreign investors. Through automotive industrys external analysis, we shall study influence of external factors on the industry. The two major models discussed here ar PESTLE Analysis and Porters Five Forces Model.PESTEL ANALYSIS governmentalTo ensure there is no monopoly create d in the industry, certain policies restricting firms from forming cartels and fixing price have been implemented. They withal control the size of automobile companies.EconomicWith the advent of increasing inflation across the world, it is predicted that the purchase of automobiles shall amplification in coming years. Also, globalization has opened doors for foreign investors in UK.SocialRecent researches show that upstart population in UK is declining and older population is rising. Hence, it is advisable that companies focus on creating more products catering to smaller families and older population.TechnologyIncreased focus on providing eco-friendly vehicles has encouraged industry to continually invest in research and development. With popularity of new designing softwares, Global Positioning Systems for navigation, etc, technology has advanced two folds.EnvironmentalAs tidy sum are getting more aware and concerned about a healthy environment, it is self-asserting to creat e products that are eco-friendly. Hence, it has created a pressure on the industry to focus on environmental issues as well.LegalA few legal policies have been imposed by UK government like irresponsible fitment of Electronic Stability Control and Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems in all the cars produced.PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL1. Threat from new entrantsAutomobile industry being capital extensive demands a lot of money to venture and uphold. In order to sustain, present automobile companies have augmented their production, enforcing new entrants to enter only on large scale.2. Bargaining Power of SuppliersDue to increase in globalisation the industry has suppliers not only from UK but similarly from across the world. Hence, the bargaining power of suppliers is limited. As any(prenominal) manufacturers have joined hands with OEMs from China and India others source materials from UK itself.3. Bargaining Power of BuyersThis model brings forth the fact that purchasers have a power to regulate the market and increase competition. As consumers have access to extensive information and choice of numerous brands across the globe they definitely stand to have a fail bargaining power.4. Competition from SubstitutesSubstitute products are those that can be consumed in place of any product. For instance, people of UK can as well use public transport instead of private cars. They may also consider the option of using rented cars.5. Existing CompetitionAs UK is home to around 50 car manufacturers selling 200 models, the internal competition among the companies is inevitable. Apart from the local car manufacturers like GM, Ford, etc, the foreign manufacturers are also giving a lot of competition.The external influences play a major role in casting future of automobile industry in UK. Analysing the internal as well as the external environment of UKs car industry helps identifying how it has been performing and what is the scope for improvement.United Kingdom offers an ar ray of car models in a highly competitive market. Nonetheless, it is still facing a lot of issues in regain from the past downfall. Market experts predict that the industry shall still be able to cater to the new more demanding market.