Psychology :: essays research papers

Reaction Paper 1 (Sample Reaction Paper) Ron Gerrard, HWS Psychology Department   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My paper is based on an article from the text’s web site (chapter 9) entitled â€Å"Lack of sleep ages body’s systems.† The basic claim of the article is that sleep deprivation has various harmful effects on the body. The reported effects include decreased ability to metabolize glucose (similar to what occurs in diabetes) and increased levels of cortisol (a stress hormone involved in memory and regulation of blood sugar levels). The article also briefly alludes (in the quote at the bottom of page 1) to unspecified changes in brain and immune functioning with sleep deprivation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intuitively, these results make a lot of sense to me. I know that when I’m sleep deprived for any significant amount of time, I begin to feel physically miserable. I also seem to be more vulnerable to colds and other physical ailments. In thinking about it though, most of the times I’m sleep deprived are also periods of psychological stress (such as finals week). To the extent that there are changes in my physical well-being, I’m wondering whether they are due to the sleep deprivation, the stress itself, or some combination of the two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In principle, a careful experiment should be able to isolate the effects of sleep deprivation by depriving people of sleep in the absence of stress and other such confounding variables. That seems to be what this experiment does, but as I read the article closely, I found myself unsure that the effects it reports are necessarily due to sleep deprivation per se.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I realize that a brief summary article like this does not provide all the details of the experimental methodology, but a couple of things that were reported in the article struck me as curious. The researchers studied physical functioning (cortisol levels, etc.) in men who had a normal night’s sleep (eight hours in bed) the first three nights of the study, followed by a period of sleep deprivation (four hours in bed) the next six nights of the study, and finally a period of sleep recovery (12 hours in bed) the last seven nights of the study. In reporting the effects on the body (the discussion of glucose metabolism, in the fifth paragraph of the article) the author’s compare the sleep deprivation stage only to the sleep recovery stage, not to normal sleep. This seems to me like doing an experiment on drunkenness and comparing the drunk stage to the hangover stage, without ever reporting what happens when the person is sober.

Animals in Captivity

The zoo is packed with children, running everywhere. They laugh and smile as they watch the animals at the zoo sleep. What these children do not realize is that these animals are dying on the inside. Animals that live at the zoo are extremely depressed. These animals can suffer severe psychological disorders from being out of their natural environment. But others argue that keeping these animals in captivity will help keep endangered species alive. However, the disadvantages of keeping animals in captivity are becoming more and more serious, and more people are beginning to believe that animals should not be held captive.Animals should not be kept in captivity because of the negative impact it can have on their life. On Christmas Day, in the year 2007 a tiger broke out of its enclosure at the San Francisco Zoo. Once out of its cage, the tiger attacked 3 people, severely injuring two people, and killing one. Unfortunately, this was not the first time that this tiger had shown aggressi on towards people. A year before this incident, this tiger had injured a zoo keeper during a public feeding (Roberts, 2008).In captivity animals are isolated from their natural habitat, and are provided with very little physical and mental stimulation. According to the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), facilities with potential dangerous animals, must have appropriate safety procedures in order to prevent attacks by these animals. Sadly, these procedures were not followed at the San Francisco Zoo (Roberts, 2008). Another incident like this occurred with a killer whale and its trainer. Dawn Brancheau was drug to the bottom of her killer whale’s tank at Sea World in Orlando, Florida.Although these whales are called, â€Å"killers† there is no record of them killing human beings in the wild. According to the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, attacks by killer whales in captivity happens more than you think (McCarthy, 2010). Why do these animals attack in capt ivity and not in the wild? The answer to this question is believed to be linked to captivity related stress. In the wild, these animals are very social, living with 10 to 20 other whales. Placing these animals in captivity alters their behavior, and leads these animals to have unpredictable anger.Because of this animal welfare campaigners believe that killer whales should not be placed into captivity, but you can not just place the animals that were so easily caught into the wild again (McCarthy, 2010). People argue that keeping these kinds of animals in captivity provides the world with numerous educational benefits, but accidents like this are happening more and more. These incidents make a person wonder if these animals were never to be placed into captivity, would these tragedies have happened. Animals should not be kept in captivity because it has been proved to have a negative impact on their lives.Generally, animals that live in zoos suffer from poor well-being. Although, the se animals receive veterinary care that they normally would not receive in the wild, they can suffer from severe stress. Evidence has been found that psychological needs of these animals are not being met. Not only do these animals suffer mentally, but they also suffer physically too. After being placed in captivity, some animals can become susceptible to opportunistic infections such as jaw abscesses (Mason, 2009). Also the giraffe has a short lifespan in captivity then it would normally have in the wild.The reasoning behind this is that they have low energy intake in the wild and poor nutritional status (Mason, 2009). Many animals that live in captivity do not seem the flourish in the same way that they would in the wild. Many animals that live in captivity do not get the kind of exercise that their bodies need, especially elephants (Smith, 2008). Being locked up in a facility might be helping these animals avoid poachers, but the lack of exercise is causing cardiovascular disease . Elephants that live in captivity do not live nearly as long as they would in the wild. 7 elephants were examined at a British zoo, and only 11 of them were able to walk correctly. It is said that advancements are being made to improve elephant environments in captivity, but numerous zoos have shut down their elephant attractions (Smith, 2008). Many people are attracted to keeping wild animals as pets. They believe the wild animals to be interesting and exciting. At a young age, the animals may seem easier to tame, but the older these animals get, the more aggressive they tend to become. Many problems can develop from keeping a wild animal as a pet.Wild animals have specific needs that have to be met, in order for them to prosper. â€Å"Only the most exceptional zoos and wildlife centers provide a living area that somewhat resembles the natural habitat of these animals, but it is virtually impossible to provide sufficient space for larger species†(CFHS). In captivity animals do not lose their wild instincts. They can be extremely unpredictable, and if provoked they can cause severe harm to people. Some wild animals, such as reptiles and hedgehogs can actually carry bacteria called salmonella, which is very easily transmitted to humans.Exotic animals can be very social, and need to have a companion of the same species living with them. If the animal is kept isolated from its kind, then it can suffer psychologically (CFHS). Many wild animals that are kept as pets often get abandoned because the owner was not able to meet of its needs. Others try to place the animal back into its natural habitat, but after being in captivity for many years, the animal is not able to re-adapt to this environment. When these animals are abandoned, it is difficult to find a new home for them.Sadly, most of these animals end up being humanely euthanized, or die from stress of being moved from one environment to another (CFHS). There are strict guidelines for some animals such as penguins that live in captivity. In some areas of the world, it is actually illegal to hold these animals captive. Due to some of the elements that penguins are exposed to in captivity, some can become very ill, or even die (Penguin Facts, 2009). Although, a lot of these facilities are cleaned regularly, the illnesses can spread extremely fast to members of the penguin colony without warning.If the illness continues to spread throughout the colony then the penguins are all at risk of becoming ill, or even possibly dying (Penguin Facts, 2009). When new members are added to a colony, penguin may feel the urge to migrate, which is an instinct they must ignore in captivity(Penguin Facts, 2009). In zoos, it is commonly seen that two males or two females will have a relationship, but in the wild this is not seen (Penguin Facts, 2009). Another animal that does not do well in captivity is the monkey.Behind bars these animals are well fed and safe, but they will never be able to socializ e with other types of monkeys like they normally would be able to in the wild. Victor Hugo explains, â€Å"People think they can tame these wild creatures because they're so cute when they're babies – but they inevitably bite someone and then become a problem†(Macaskill, 2011). Monkeys are believed to be cute and cuddly creatures, but this animal can actually feel threatened by this kind of attention from a human. Eventually, leading to attacking what it feels threatened by, as it would do in the wild.According to Victor, â€Å"Every day a monkey spends in captivity makes a difference and once they've become too humanized, they become non-releasable† (Macaskill, 2011). An argument many have placed in the defense of zoos is educational benefits and conservation. Not all zoos are bad. According to Michael Hutchins, PhD, director and William Conway Chair of the Department of Conservation and Science for the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, there are two kinds of zoos, zoos that meet AZA standards and zoos that just aren’t up to par (Keuhn, 2011).He also discussed that in the past few years, zoos have changed from focusing on preserving species by captive breeding to preserving habitats and species that live in the wild. Zoos support conservation by educating members of society, and raising money for conservation projects. They can also help develop technologies, and with scientific research (Keuhn, 2011). It is said that by observing animals in captivity, scientists can find valuable information that they would not be able to gather in by observing animals in the wild. However, conservation is not justification for zoos.Dr. Hutchins says that animal welfare is equally important. The AZA has taken a number of steps to improve animal welfare. They must promote natural habitats, and ensure quality care of their animals. They have also outreached to substandard zoos, to help close down the worst facilities (Keuhn, 2011). Some people argue that animals do not have rights. They believe that in order to keep endangered species alive, the animals must be captured. Zoos can also provide animals with safety from poachers and wildlife predators (Nakate, 2010).Some zoos do treat animals in a harsh manner, but there is improvement being made in the quality of care being provided to animals. There are many educational benefits that zoos and conservation centers provide people with. These places are trying to make more people aware of the environment (Nakate, 2010). Many schools take field trips to zoos in order to educate children, early in their lives about animals, and their environment. Teaching children about the environment, at a young age will help raise awareness about environmental issues later on in their lives.Terminating all zoos would hinder knowledge about some animals. For many scientists, it is hard for them to get a good look at animals in the wild. By placing some of these creatures in captivity, it enab les scientists to get a closer look at these species and their behavior. Without zoos, conducting research would become a hassle. Scientists would have to go into the wild for several days to track the animal down, then once found, they would have to try to observe from a safe distance. Most penguins seem to do fairly well in zoos, and conservation centers.Captivity is beneficial to penguins that have been injured in the wild, and would have died without the help from animal caretakers (Penguin Facts, 2009). In the wild, penguin eggs have the chance of being destroyed by predators, but in captivity there is a chance for all the eggs to survive. Also, this gives animal caretakers a chance to help feed the baby penguins that the adults will not care for (Penguin Facts, 2009). Ultimately, captivity is very beneficial to the penguin population. Although, it may seem like zoos and other conservation centers provide people with educational benefits that is not always the case.Most childre n, who visit the zoo, do not even read the informational guides that are placed at each exhibit. Generally, people spend a few moments at each display, to take pictures of the animals then move on to the next without even taking a glance at any information given. While, not all zoos are bad, many zoos out there do not take proper care of their animals, leading them to a lifetime of misery, and pain. Without proper care, animals cannot function normally. Animals that do not live in their natural environment do not get the right amount of socialization that they need.This can cause severe physiological effects on them. The stress of moving animals from one environment to another can be harmful as well. Even though these animals are captive, they are still wild animals, and have natural instincts to protect themselves. If an animal in captivity believes it is in danger, it will attack a human, causing severe injury, or death. Some animals in captivity will attack just because it is in their nature. Once placing an animal in captivity, it cannot be placed back into its natural environment. Animals have a hard time re-adapting to the wild.Placing animals in captivity has its obvious benefits, but do these benefits outweigh the disadvantages that it has on an animal? When placing animals in zoos, people are not thinking about the natural well-being of them. They are only thinking of the scientific benefits and entertainment values that these animals bring to the world. Keeping animals in zoos may help out endangered species, but they will never be able to prosper outside of the cages of those facilities. Is an animal truly an animal when it’s trapped behind bars?

Healthcare Case Study Essay - 2846 Words

The Liberty Medical Group (A) 1. Prepare a brief situational analysis of LMF for Dr. Townsend, identifying at least 3 internal issues and 3 external issue/competitive issues that are affecting LMF. Liberty Medical Foundation, which includes Liberty Medical Group (LMG) and Liberty Medical Plan (LMP), is a physician-centered, group-practiced health maintenance organization. Liberty was one of the first organizations to embrace â€Å"evidence-based† medicine, whereby an effort was made to identify best practices and develop standardized protocols for applying them, limiting the need for unnecessary tests and procedures. Liberty also invested in education and information about â€Å"home treatment† to aid minor illnesses and injuries to begin†¦show more content†¦Leading: As the new CEO of LMF, Dr. Townsend will be in charge of mandating employees. Dr. Townsend will need to be authoritative, but in doing so, he must motivate his employees, both physicians and staff by example and aiding them with any problems/challenges that arise within staff, and the organizational as a whole. Strategic Planning: Due to the current issues, both internally and externally, the organization is facing, Dr. Townsend is challenged to prepare an action plan to implement the proposed strategy needed to restore the organization back to financial health and improve the morale among the physicians and support staff. Another course of planning Dr. Townsend will challenge is the organizations old structure into a way that all patients will be satisfied. Financial Management: Since the broader healthcare environment was undergoing great changes, Liberty’s price advantage was deteriorating, as was their level of service. Hence the need retain their price advantage and complete on quality and service. Customer Service: Because of the size LMF holds, many patients in the communities it served had â€Å"horror stories†. Patients who did not have a sever case at the time would have to wait long periods of time before they can be seen and attended by a physician, and would see any physician that would be available enabling the physician-patientShow MoreRelatedHealthcare Case Study1070 Words   |  5 Pageswere to impart some of Japan’s values and practices into its healthcare system it could potentially become one of the healthiest countries in the world. High rates of expenditures on health care do not necessarily equal happy, healthy citizens. The balance between money spent and actual money put toward healthcare directly must be taken into account. Data collected from a 2013 study show that the US spent $8,713 (USD PPP) on healthcare per capita, totaling about 16.4% of the total GDP. The UnitedRead MoreHealthcare Case Study1486 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare acquired infections (HAI) are a significant public health threat, impacting one out of every twenty-five hospital patients,1 and have a significant financial impact through increased costs of care and treatment and risk to federal reimbursement through value based purchasing. Healthcare organizations are increasingly focused on reduction and elimination of infection, and infection preventionists (IPs) are often challenged by their organizational leadership to with â€Å"fix the HAI problemRead MoreHealthcare Case Study1150 Words   |  5 PagesFurthermore, individuals who sustain injuries during a car accident, motorcycle accident or slip and fall should seek treatment from an experienced physician as soon as possible, otherwise it may be difficult for an attorney to build a personal injury case. The medical professionals at our personal injury clinic in Hollywood, Florida have the knowledge and skills necessary to help patients by properly documenting their injuries. In addition, because we are an accident clinic, we know the ins and outsRead MoreHealthcare Case Study1293 Words   |  6 Pageswere encouraging schedulers to make these changes. There were also rumblings around that some patients died while waiting for care, it is not clear what care they were waiting for or that their ailment was the reason for their death. Whatever the case may be, it made national news headlines along with the other issues at other VA medical centers in the United States. The VA as a government facility, should be completely transparent in all of its activities. We strive for this in our DepartmentRead MoreHealthcare Case Study738 Words   |  3 PagesIt has been a foreseeable goal of healthcare organizations to solve integration and interoperability problems across systems with disparate EMRs since the introduction of health information exchanges, with the emphasis on improving clinical outcomes and containing costs. The Vermont HIE did just that in 2015 when they successfully interfaced all 14 Vermont hospitals to their HIE through the initiatives of the Vermont Information Technology Leaders or VITL (Raths, 2016). VITL was able to accomplishRead MoreHealthcare Case Study925 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s highly competitive, value driven, reimbursement challenged healthcare environment, achieving financial targets and conforming to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) can prove to be extremely challenging for a hospital. Not-F or-Profit (NFP) hospitals face the additional challenge of supporting and defending their tax exempt status. In order to qualify for tax-exempt status, NFP hospitals must comply with the Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS) criteria for tax-exemption whichRead MoreHealthcare Case Study1109 Words   |  5 Pages This can be a controversial solution simply because it means more red tape and governmental regulation for several different parties. Neither the healthcare facility or the suppliers will be happy with the new law that only a certain amount of markup can exist. As mentioned, if the hospital is charging more than necessary, they will be losing revenue. If the supplier is the one marking it up, they will lose revenue. Either way, someone will be losing revenue and the new regulation will most likelyRead MorePacific Healthcare Case Study785 Words   |  4 PagesPACIFIC HEALTHCARE CASE STUDY American Military University Case Name: Pacific Healthcare I. Major Facts Pacific Healthcare and its subsidiaries consists of Pacific Memorial, Pacific Cabrillo, and Pacific Isla Vista. It is the largest provider of healthcare in Santa Barbara County. The director of supply management is Barney Rubble, who is responsible for procuring supplies. Before passing away, Thurston Howell, director of radiology, made all decisions involving the purchasing ofRead MoreUnited Healthcare: A Case Study1466 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Organization Case Study It was in 1977 that the United Healthcare United Health group was founded by Richard Burke. The headquarters of the company are in Minnetonka, Minnesota. This organization works towards the betterment of peoples health, it help them in living a healthy life by providing them with the kind of health care that would be best for them. The main focus of United Healthcare which is a major division of the United Health group is to provide the people with better healthRead MorePacific Healthcare Case Study1091 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study One Case Name: Pacific Healthcare I. Major Facts Pacific Healthcare is the largest health care provider in Santa Barbara Country. Pacific Memorial, Pacific Cabrillo, and Pacific Isla Vista along with two nursing homes and ten outpatient clinics are all linked to Pacific Healthcare. Altogether, there are over 1,500 beds. Barney Rubble, the Pacific’s corporate director of supply management, is in charge of procuring supplies for all Pacific Healthcare subordinates. The director of

Business Ownership Of Sainsbury s And Oxfam - 2892 Words

â€Å"BUSINESSES ON OUR DOORSTERP† Written by Sadia Raihana Mridha Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to understand the range of different businesses and their ownership. I chose Sainsbury’s and Oxfam as they are businesses with different characteristics from each other, as I needed to choose one big company (such as PLC (public limited company) or LTD (private limited company)) and a small business (such as partnership, sole trader, non-for-profit business). In fact, Sainsbury’s is a supermarket and Oxfam a charity. This assignment will cover the purpose and ownership of the two businesses, the stakeholders of each business and how they affect the business. Task 1A: Business ownership and purpose ïÆ'  Sainsbury’s: Sainsbury was†¦show more content†¦Sainsbury’s have 157,000 employees and the amount of money that they profits per year is  £25,632 million as 23 million customers come per week which demonstrates that it is a profit maker. The total sale of Sainsbury’s was +4.3% (including VAT, excluding fuel) in 2013, whereas the â€Å"like-to-like† sale was +1.8% (including VAT, excluding fuel) in 2013. The scale There are five different scales: local, regional, national, international and global. The local scale is when a business is found in the local area, for example Annie’s Salon. Regional scale is when a business is found in a specific region such as England. National scale is when the business is found in a national scale, e.g. in the UK (Tesco). International scale in when that specific brand is found in more than a country within a specific continent, for example Pupa which is found just in Italy and France. Global scale is similar to the international scale; however, the main difference is that in the global scale, the business is found in more than one continent, i.e. McDonalds. Sainsbury is in a local, regional and national scale as it can be found in the local area, it is in England, but because it is found also in other regions, it is national. However, it cannot be international as Sainsbury’s is located just in UK. The sector There are three different sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary sector is from where the products are beingShow MoreRelatedBusiness National P1, M1, D1 Essay2978 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Business Environment Business environment is all about the combination of internal and external factors that may influence a business’ ways of operating such as: clients, suppliers, its competitors... stakeholders decide to start a business for many reasons: to pursue an interest or a hobby, mainly: to be their own boss. In other terms, people think that being your own boss, mainly as a sole trader gives you many opportunities although there are drawbacks as well. They also have interest in businessRead MoreBusiness Report on Boots Plc7804 Words   |  32 Pagesdetailed business report of boots plc. My report will contain: • The objectives, organisational structure and communication channels that operate within the business. • An examination of how these factors interrelates in a way that can affect the success of the business. • An explanation of how quality assurance and control systems help the business to add value to its products. • Consideration of alternative methods of quality assurance and control. • Consideration of how well the business is meetingRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Supply Chain to Value Chain8966 Words   |  36 Pagesadvocates argue that MNCs ought therefore to be accountable not only to their shareholders but also to the communities that are affected by their decisions and transactions with suppliers wherever they may operate. Simultaneously, companies are finding business value in increasingly engaging in community programs across the world, as larger shares of their revenues and profits are earned from international operations. 2. CSR in international supply chains With globalization of production networks, corporationsRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesStudent Work Assignments Case Study Teaching Notes 6 7 8 8 12 19 20 25 27 27 28 28 29 Chapters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Introducing Strategy The Environment Strategic Capabilities Strategic Purpose Culture and Strategy Business Strategy Corporate Strategy and Diversification International Strategy Innovation and Entrepreneurship Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances Evaluating Strategies Strategy Development Processes Organising for Success Leadership and Strategic ChangeRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesOur thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University and Colin Gilligan Professor of Marketing Sheffield Hallam University and Visiting Professor, Northumbria University AMSTERDAM †¢ BOSTON †¢ HEIDELBERG †¢ LONDON †¢ NEW YORK †¢ OXFORD PARIS †¢ SAN DIEGO

Democracy to Dictatorship in Lord of the Flies Essay

Democracy to Dictatorship in Lord of the Flies Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a novel that represents a microcosm of society in a tale about children stranded on an island. Of the group of young boys there are two who want to lead for the duration of their stay, Jack and Ralph. Through the opposing characters of Jack and Ralph, Golding reveals the gradual process from democracy to dictatorship from Ralphs democratic election to his lack of law enforcement to Jacks strict rule and his violent law enforcement. Upon the arrival of the boys to the island Jack immediately found himself in the center of a power struggle. Although the conflict was brief, there was still a very obvious confrontation between†¦show more content†¦Their punishment for slacking off was nothing, and so they got away with accomplishing nothing. Jack saw this along with many other flaws in Ralphs democracy and continually tried to force his style of governing over the boys. Jacks view on how the group should be run didnt completely show through until he actually became the leader later on in the novel, but there were hints before that as well. His tendency towards strict leadership was evident ever since he and his choirboys were introduced as characters. He kept them very much in line. The group of cloaked boys began to scatter from close line. The tall boy shouted at them. Choir stand still! Wearily obedient, the choir huddled into line and stood there swaying in the sun (Golding page #). He allowed them little room to maneuver, made them listen and follow orders without question. Jack was a very power hungry young boy. Although he doesnt have any power at the beginning of the novel, he took every opportunity to take the position of chief and was eventually successful. Jacks dictatorial style of leadership contrasted very directly with the more democratic and passive style of Ralph. Jack ruled with an iron fist, allowing no one to question him or his leadership. Jack represented the wanting for a single, all-powerful leader to guide the followers of society using any means he feels necessary.Show MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies By William Golding1540 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedoms it granted its citizens; while the Soviet Union’s ruthless dictatorship greatly limited the liberties of its people. This era created lasting views of the concept of â€Å"good versus evil†. British author William Golding wrote his novel, Lord of the Flies, during this time and it reflects this uneasy atmosphere. The character development, along with the carefully chosen symbolism of the novel suggests that Golding wrote Lord of the Flies as an allegory to the people and events of the Cold War, butRead MoreWilliam Goldings View of Humanity1383 Words   |  6 Pagesboys and cynical view of the war. William Golding says, the theme (of the book) is an attempt to trace back the defects of society to the defects of human nature... Goldings view of humanity is clearly displayed throughout Lord of the Flies. Through the constant symbolism we are made aware of Goldings pessimism towards society. As the book progresses he forms an allegory between the island and the real world. When the boys first arrive on the island they are fullRead MoreReflection Of Lord Of The Flies796 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies Reflection - Lily Baker Lord of the Flies by Stephen Krashen portrays the events the of young boys who get stranded on a desert island after their plane crashes. It is infamous for showing how most of those boys manifest into â€Å"savages†, Krashen showed this by adding spears and face paint as a crude applicant to their ensemble, and they start investing their time into murderous shenanigans. However, how did they become such feral barbarians in contrast to the refined choir boys theyRead MoreThe Importance of Government As Shown In Lord of the Flies851 Words   |  4 Pageseveryone would only serve themselves. In the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the author uses the events on the island to demonstrate that people require government to restrain their impulses. The creation of a democratic government with Ralph as chief allows the inhabitants of the island to make decisions together and take everyone’s viewpoint into consideration. Soon, however, the democracy begins to be disr egarded. When Jack creates a dictatorship, he fails to restrain the impulsive behaviourRead MoreSymbol of the Conch in Lord of the Flies Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesFrom Lord of the Flies, there were many things like Conch and Fire that symbolized something. One of the most important symbols was the Conch. The Conch, which is a big shell that can be seen at the beach symbolizes many things in the Lord of the Flies. The Conch represents power because it once was able to control the boys with it, and it also symbolizes democracy because of anyone who has their ideas and can speak their thoughts. The Conch represents unity because it was used to call an assemblyRead MoreSignificance Of The Conch In Lord Of The Flies Essay861 Words   |  4 Pagesconch he called it. He used to blow it and his mum would come. Its ever so valuable Ââ€" Piggy, Lord of the Flies. The conch is a sea creature, its shell is revered in many cultures such as Hinduism and Buddhism for its beauty and the s ound it makes. The conch is also that shell in Lord of the Flies which is blown into to gather the boys. The author, William Golding, uses the conch to show that democracy will succumb to rule by force in the face of serious trouble or need. In the book, it is a symbolRead MoreSignificance of the Conch in Lord of the Flies860 Words   |  4 Pagesconch he called it. He used to blow it and his mum would come. It s ever so valuable Ââ€" Piggy, Lord of the Flies. The conch is a sea creature, its shell is revered in many cultures such as Hinduism and Buddhism for its beauty and the sound it makes. The conch is also that shell in Lord of the Flies which is blown into to gather the boys. The author, William Golding, uses the conch to show that democracy will succumb to rule by force in the face of serious trouble or need. In the book, it is a symbolRead MoreRalph and Jack in Lord Of The Flies Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies is a novel about a grou p of boys who are lost on a deserted island and must do what they can to survive. At the beginning of the novel, two of the boys, Ralph and Jack, become leaders. These differences will form the main conflict in the story. The differences will cause them to hate each other and the anger that results is a recurring part of the plot throughout the novel. These two boys can be compared by the way they change, the reason for their actions,Read MoreLord of the Flies Comparison/Contrast Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies is a novel about a group of boys who are lost on a deserted island and must do what they can to survive. At the beginning of the novel, two of the boys, Ralph and Jack, become leaders. These differences will form the main conflict in the story. The differences will cause them to hate each other and the anger that results is a recurring part of the plot throughout the novel. These two boys can be compared by the way they change, the reas on for their actions,Read MoreLord Of The Flies And The Tempest1303 Words   |  6 Pagespower and how it is presented in ‘Lord of the Flies’ and ‘The Tempest’. In the novel ‘Lord of the Flies’ by William Golding and ‘The Tempest’ by William Shakespeare, power is a main theme throughout both texts. Both represent microcosm of outer society at the time the text was written. In Lord of the Flies it was a time when the world’s dominant countries were struggling for power over Germany which was known as the Cold war. The capitalist American’s wanted democracy where as the communist Russians

Ratio Balance Sheet and Financial Results Free Essays

UVA-C-2332 Rev. Oct. 17, 2012 RATIOS TELL A STORY—2011 Financial results and conditions vary among companies for a number of reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Ratio: Balance Sheet and Financial Results or any similar topic only for you Order Now One reason for the variation can be traced to the characteristics of the industries in which companies operate. For example, some industries require large investments in property, plant, and equipment (PPE), while others require very little. In some industries, the competitive productpricing structure permits companies to earn significant profits per sales dollar, while in other industries the product-pricing structure imposes a much lower profit margin. In most low-margin industries, however, companies often experience a relatively high rate of product throughput. A second reason for some of the variation in financial results and conditions among companies is the result of management philosophy and policy. Some companies reduce their manufacturing capacity to match more closely their immediate sales prospects, while others carry excess capacity to be prepared for future sales growth. Also, some companies finance their assets with borrowed funds, while others avoid that leverage and choose instead to finance their assets with owners’ equity. And some corporate management teams choose to not pay dividends to their owners, preferring to reinvest those funds in the company. Of course, another reason for some of the variation in reported financial results among companies is the differing competencies of management. Given the same industry characteristics and the same management policies, different companies may report different financial results simply because their managements perform differently. And last, one other reason is that some industries are more susceptible to macroeconomic conditions than others. This can be true when macroeconomic conditions (e. g. , foreign exchange rates, interest rates, and taxes) are weak and deteriorating as well as when they are strong and improving. Or this can also be true when such conditions are stable versus volatile. Those differences in industry characteristics, in company policies, in management performance, and in responsiveness to the macroeconomic environment are reflected in the financial statements published by publicly held companies. Furthermore, they can be highlighted through the use of financial ratios. Exhibit 1 presents balance sheets, in percentage form, and This case was prepared by Professor Mark E. Haskins, Darden Graduate School of Business Administration, and has benefited from collaborations with various colleagues over the years on earlier versions. It was written as a basis for discussion rather than to illustrate effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright ? 2012 by the University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, Charlottesville, VA. All rights reserved. To order copies, send an e-mail to sales@dardenbusinesspublishing. com. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of the Darden School Foundation. ? -2- UVA-C-2332 selected financial ratios computed from fiscal year 2011 balance sheets and income statements for 13 companies from the following industries: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? irline railroad pharmaceuticals commercial banking photographic equipment, printing, and sales discount general-merchandise retail electric utility fast-food restaurant chain wholesale food distribution supermarket (grocery) chain Internet retailing advertising agency services computer software development Study the balance sheet profiles and the financial ratios listed for each of the 13 companies as presented in Exhibit 1. 1 Your assignment is to use your intu ition, common sense, and basic understanding of the unique attributes of each industry listed above to match each column in the exhibit with one of the industries. Be prepared to give the reasons for your pairings, citing the data that seems to be consistent with the characteristics of the industry you selected. Ours is not a perfect world, however, and for our class discussion, it will be helpful if you will also identify those pieces of data that seem to contradict the pairings you have made. Please note that using the data available here, you will find it difficult to identify those companies whose financial results differ because of management policy and competence. Please note in Exhibit 1: OCI = Other Comprehensive Income, CFFO = Cash Flow From Operations, ST = Short Term, and LT = Long Term. 1 -3The ratios in Exhibit 1 are based on the following formulas: 1. ROS (return on sales) = Net income Net sales Net sales Average total assets Net income Average total assets ROS ? Asset turnover Average total assets Average total owners’ equity Net income Average total owners’ equity ROA ? Financial leverage Total current assets Total current liabilities Cost of goods sold Average ending inventory Average accounts receivable Net sales/365 days UVA-C-2332 . Asset turnover = 3. ROA (return on assets) or = = 4. Financial leverage = 5. ROE (return on equity) or = = 6. Current ratio = 7. Inventory turnover = 8. Receivables collection = 9. Revenue growth = This year’s net sales—Last year’s net sales Last year’s net sales Net sales—Cost of goods sold Net sales Cash dividends Net income Research and development e xpense Net sales 10. Gross margin = 11. Dividend payout 12. RD ratio = = -4Exhibit 1 RATIOS TE ELL A STORY Y—2011 Selected Financ Data for 13 C S cial Companies (b balance sheet amou are percentage of total assets) unts UVA-C-2332 V How to cite Ratio: Balance Sheet and Financial Results, Papers

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Question: Discuss About The Management Financial Accounting Assignment? Answer: Introduction Liquidation of the company implies shuting down of the operations of the company and closing the books of the accounts and selling of the assets to meet the liabilities proportionately in the order of sequence to be seen and managed by the iquidator of the company. Some of the reasons are that the company may not be able to pay its short term and long term debts on time, it may find that the excessive expenditure is required in continuing the business, the debtors have not paid the money dues or the company is not having adequare resources to cover the cost or because of the harsh competition(Knechel Salterio, 2016). In line with the above mentioned reasons, the director or partner of the company may choose to liquidate the firm or the company based on the following reasons like if the company is not being able to meet its debt and continuously incurring into the debts, then the company may propose for voluntary liquidation. In some case directors or partners personal assets would also be liable for the liqiuidation purposes in cases where they hold unlimited liability. (Raiborn, et al., 2016). Liquidation is also termed as winding up of the company and is often the official closure of the companys existence. The official liquidator is appointed by the creditors or shareholders of the company and represents the creditorss interests. There can be many other reasons besides the above mentioned reasons basis which the company may go into liquidation like unorganised upkeep of the business, weak internal control by the management, inadequacy of working capital of the company, the location or the business might not be right, impertinent and uncompetitive management, lack of planning to develop the correct business model, direct competition in the market adversely, etc(Fay Negangard, 2017). The case of liquidation with ABC learning, One Tel Phone company and HIH Insurance ABC learning was one of the pioneer companies in Australia providing education services to the children. It was also being listed in the Australian Stock Exchange and its market capitalization at that time was around AUD 2.5 billion in 2006. The company went into liquidation on account of failing to repay the subprime mortgage loan and thus overwhelming the company. The auditors had to hold the signing of the audit report of the company for that year citing the need to recast and reinstate the reported profits of the previous year. Amidst all this, it went into liquidation in the year 2008 and was bought back by Goodyear Early Learning in December 2009 which now operated in 650 centress across Asutralia(Sonu, et al., 2017). The backdrop behind all this is the major acquisition and child care support which the company started to give in he early 2000s and the major increase in the number of centres as compared to its major competitors who had barely 100 centres across the world. Will all these acquisitions, they not only capitalised and improved the markets share in the UK but also captured 1% of the markets in the US as well. It grew rapiding and aggressively negotiating to deal with Australias largest employers like Department of Defence. It was highly profitable in 2004 -05 and 2005-06 giving the net profits percentage of 17% and 18% respectively on the sales revenue of $292.7 Milliion and $219.8 Million. In all this process, it kept on increasing its debt triggering a decline in the share prices by 42% in 2007. Despite all this, it fell into receivership on account of increase in the debt servicing obligations due to which the auditor could not sign the financial statements. Even though the then fede ral government injected funds in the company, but it was still delisted from SP and Australian Stock exchange on account of creditors voluntary winding up in this case. The collapse of the ABC learning was mainly due to the lack of corporate governance in the company just 9 months prior to its liquidation. In the backdrop, there was no control whatsoever on the purchases being done by the group on account of the acquisitions(Jones, 2017). This was just a rubber and stamo exercise as mentioned by the chief lawyer of the ABC company. The court also mentioned that the major reason behind all this was the differences in valuation of the major acquisitions being done to the tune of multi million dollars. It grew amazing and big to have 2300 child care centres all over the company implying the market concerns on the reporting and proper disclosure of these acquisitions. It was one of the major internal control failures on account of the company leading to weak corporate governance. It has no investment review committee as is required to see the major acquisitions and sale in the course of the business. It just had an odd management group approval which we re doing nothing except the redundant rubber stanmp exercise. One of the reports also showed up that an independent valuation of one of the acquired companies 123 careers came to roughly at around $ 30 Mn but it was bought for a huge amount of $ 70 Mn which was evident of the overvaluation. In this way, there were a number of acquisitions which was being made by the ABC learning without proper due deligence and proper valuation of the business to be acquired. One tel Phone company was one of the major telecommunication giants in Australia having over 2 Million customers across 8 nations. This again was the victim of the weak internal control and non competiting management which gave wrong forecasting to the shareholders and the market in terms of the revenue and the profits for the future years. It earned huge profits during the past 4 years ranging from 40% to 1275 as basis this the revenue estimate was expected to be increased by around 10 times in 2010 but the same could not happen inspite of the huge growth by the company. This was because the company had invested huge amounts in the spectrum licenses which als included public funding of $ 340 Mn. Moreover, inspite of the cash crunch, the company kept on paying its director Rich Keeling hefty amounts as salary and bonus in 2000. This had a major impact on the company resulting into losses of $ 291 Mn and soon thereafter share prices fell miserably to $1. All this followed the company to close its opeartions and sell the assets to pay off its debts. Also, huge number of employees were laid off. This was an example where the internal control system, the ethics and governance of the company was challenged terribly and the information was not validated before flowing to the market. Not only the sales, but the receivables, the accruals, the estimated profit figures based on which the investments were made were all misstated. This called a early indication from the auditors of the company but the auditors also kept quiet, reflecting low audit quality. The 3rd company in the list is HIH insurance company which was the 2nd largest insurance company in Australia at that time and got liquidated in 2001 with an imposing figure of loss measuring $ 5.3 billion. This is still known to be the worst ever corpoarate collapse in the history of Australia. All the dues and debts in HIH company is majorly attributable to the incorrect and overstated pricing of the mergers and acquisitions done by the company in early 2000s. It took over FAI insurance company and many others and accounted them at a very aggressive intent of accounting. Inspite of suffering the losses and cash crunch, the company continued to pay a huge amount as compete fee or severance fee to its CEO just before the close of the company. It was found that liabilities and reserves were unstated in acquisition accounting like in CE Health International and wrong figures were quoted to the stakeholders in terms of the net assets and liabilities held by the company without correct d isclosures. It was not only non compliant with the corporate governance laws but also the ethics of the business and thus went into serious losses in 2001, as a result of which the company had to liquidate. Conclusion We see that the company went into liquidation owning to a lot of factors. There were several reasons that had led to this and the management of the company was to be held liable for the same. The books of accounts of the company wree not audited properly which shows that how important it is for the auditor to take a valid stand. The liquidation could have been prevented had the management taken a proper stand in this matter. If the management of the company did not influence the opinion of the auditor, and showed huge revenues in its financial statements which were actually from loss making units, the company would have been saved. When the new auditor took over, they saw that their opinion regarding the financials of the company were entirely different from those of the previous auditors. This led to internal probe into the matter and when the auditors asked the management of the company to rectify the mistakes, the management refused to do the same. This attitude of the management eventually led to the liquidation of the company and that had also put a big question mark on other companies in this sector(Grenier, 2017). The overall scale of profitability of the liquidated company was much more than its peers, this raised aquestion on the validation of the accounts. There were a lot of assumptions that the company had done that showed that the books were not maintained ethically. The one lesson that can be learnt form the downfall of the company is that we should try to maintain ethical practices as much as possible and should never go for falsification of the records. If the company in any way frauds, it is the responsibility of the auditor to look into the matter and comment on the same. The audit opinion must be unbiased and should not be influenced by the company or its peers. In the given case, the previous auditor pitcher plant worked as per the suggestions of the management and that had affected the overall audit report which was proved to be tampered and showed a wrong impression about the company accounts(Bae, 2017). Recomendations There are various ways by which the companies acn avoid getting liquidated. Going concern is one of the most important accounting assumption and it is important that the companies follow the same. There are several laws stated that governs the liquidation policies of the companie around the world. These liquidation policies helps provide a basis and several procedures that will help the companies in the liquidation process and will also protect the interest of the stakeholders who are dependant on the company. They are the biggest affected party because of the entire downfall, they had invested in the company in the pursuit of getting good returns and than if the company liquidates they face huge losses. So it is important that all the laws must be followed, liquidators must be appointed nad all the investors who ahd invested in the company should get their basic dues in return of the same. Thus this analsysis of the ABC learning company helps us in developing a stand over the matter of liquidation. It provides a list of things that the management should not do in order to avoid the same. This helps in the global evaluation and development of the companies and also there has been changes in the liquidation laws that has made the overall process less complicated(DeZoort Harrison, 2016). Refrences Bae, S., 2017. The Association Between Corporate Tax Avoidance And Audit Efforts: Evidence From Korea. Journal of Applied Business Research, 33(1), pp. 153-172. DeZoort, F. Harrison, P., 2016. Understanding Auditors sense of Responsibility for detecting fraud within organization. Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-18. Fay, R. Negangard, E., 2017. Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud. Journal of Accounting Education, Volume 38, pp. 37-49. Grenier, J., 2017. Encouraging Professional Skepticism in the Industry Specialization Era. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(2), pp. 241-256. Jones, P., 2017. Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis in Auditing. NY: Routledge. Knechel, W. Salterio, S., 2016. Auditing:Assurance and Risk. fourth ed. New York: Routledge. Raiborn, C., Butler, J. Martin, K., 2016. The internal audit function: A prerequisite for Good Governance. Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, 28(2), pp. 10-21. Sonu, C., Ahn, H. Choi, A., 2017. Audit fee pressure and audit risk: evidence from the financial crisis of 2008. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics , 24(1-2), pp. 127-144.